Pollutant exposure causes a series
of DNA damage in cells,
resulting
in the initiation and progression of diseases and even cancers. An
investigation of the DNA damage induced by pollutants in living cells
is significant to evaluate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity
of environmental exposure, providing critical insight in the exploration
of the etiologies of diseases. In this study, we develop a repair
enzyme fluorescent probe to reveal the DNA damage caused by an environmental
pollutant in living cells by single-cell fluorescent imaging of the
most common base damage repair enzyme named human apurinic/apyrimidinic
endonuclease 1 (APE1). The repair enzyme fluorescent probe is fabricated
by conjugation of an APE1 high affinity DNA substrate on a ZnO2 nanoparticle surface to form a ZnO2@DNA nanoprobe.
The ZnO2 nanoparticle serves as both a probe carrier and
a cofactor supplier, releasing Zn2+ to activate APE1 generated
by pollutant exposure. The AP-site in the DNA substrate of the fluorescent
probe is cleaved by the activated APE1, releasing fluorophore and
generating fluorescent signals to indicate the position and degree
of APE1-related DNA base damage in living cells. Subsequently, the
developed ZnO2@DNA fluorescent probe is applied to investigate
the APE1-related DNA base damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in
living human hepatocytes. Significant DNA base damage by BaP exposure
is revealed, with a positive correlation of the damage degree with
exposure time in 2–24 h and the concentration in 5–150
μM, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that
BaP has a significant effect on the AP-site damage, and the degree
of DNA base damage is time-dependent and concentration-dependent.