Fat and energy content of breast milk of malnourished and well nourished women, Brazil 1982

Spring, Patricia C. Marin; Amâncio, Olga Maria Silvério; Nobriga, Fernando; Araújo, G. de A. de G.; Koppel, S. M.; Dodge, J A

doi:10.1080/02724936.1985.11748368

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Additionally there are at least two studies which find an inverse relationship between milk fat and maternal nutritional status (van Steenbergen et a f . 1983; Marin Spring et al 1985). Fig.…”

Section: Influence Of Maternal Nutrition On Milk Protein and Energy Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary and enviromental influences on human lactation

Prentice

1995

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The evolution of lactation as a strategy by which mothers can continue to nourish their offspring after birth is of such profound significance that it forms the very basis for identifying a whole class of vertebrates, the Mammalia. Although certain non-mammals also feed their young by maternal secretion of nutrients, it is only the mammals that have developed specific cutaneous secretory organs, the mammary glands. The philogenic origins of these, now highly developed, glands are thought to have arisen from the selective modification of apocrine sweat glands (Mepham, 1987). Divergent evolution has since resulted in wide variations in the number, morphology and anatomy of mammary glands, ranging from the teatless abdominal pouches of egg-laying monotremes to the highly-developed udder of the dairy cow capable of remarkable feats of biosynthesis. The present paper considers how evolutionary factors may have shaped the development of human lactation and how these now influence the way in which lactation is affected by environmental variables; primarily the nutrition of the mother. EVOLUTIONARY INFLUENCES ON HUMAN LACTATIONIn addition to the wide variation in the physical characteristics of mammary glands between species there is also wide divergence in the biological strategies adopted for lactation. These are revealed as differences in variables such as the relative duration of gestation and lactation (altricial v . precocial birth), the quantity and composition of milk produced, and maternal feeding strategies during lactation (Mepham, 1987). To review these across a11 mammals would be beyond the scope of the present review, so we have chosen to concentrate on aspects of milk quantity and composition in a small selection of the eutherian mammals. We have included 'laboratory' and domesticated animals since the study of such species has been the source of much of our current knowledge on lactation. Fig. 1 illustrates the concentrations of macronutrients in milks from eight species ranked according to protein content, and divided into laboratory animals, domesticated animals and primates. It is clear that the mammary gland is a highly adaptable organ capable of producing milk over a wide range of composition. Inclusion of other species would reveal an even greater range, with a number of seals producing milk containing up to 500 g fadkg and negligible milk sugar. It seems reasonable to assume that the composition of milk in any species has evolved to suit that species, and may represent a compromise between the nutritional stress which is sustainable by the mother and the optimal growth and development needs of the offspring.The 10-fold variation in protein concentrations in Fig. 1 (which reduces to a 5-fold range if expressed as protein energy %) is related to the postnatal growth rates of each species with the fastest growing young receiving the most concentrated milk. Fat concentration is approximately correlated with protein, thus providing energy to support rapid growth where necessary. Milk sugars (mostly lac...

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Section: Influence Of Maternal Nutrition On Milk Protein and Energy Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary and enviromental influences on human lactation

Prentice

1995

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…All other 46 (92 %) articles used mature human BM for their study. Eleven (22 %) articles included breast-feeding mothers irrespective of the postpartum age, that is (0-≥ 6 months) (21,24,25,30,37,40,53,54,56,59,60) ; all other studies used more restricted postpartum age ranges. Only 14 % of the studies used milk samples collected from 24-h milk sampling by complete emptying of a breast.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eight percentage (n 4) of the studies collected milk samples at three time points (morning, afternoon and evening) during the day (30,54,61,62) , 6 % (n 3) of the studies collected milk samples at two time points (morning and afternoon) during the day (27,46,49) , 14 % (n 7) of the studies collected milk samples at multiple times throughout the day (14,28,29,34,43,51,63) and 25 % of the studies (n 13) did not distinguish based on point of time of the day (21,25,49,64) or the information was not available (31,37,39,40,42,44,48,58,60) . Whereas 19 (38 %) studies collected whole BM samples (17,21,22,25,27,32,34,51,53,55,56,(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)65,66) , 5 studies (10 %) collected any milk samples provided by the mothers…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal dietary intake, nutritional status and macronutrient composition of human breast milk: systematic review

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Human breast milk is the best source of nutrition in early life, particularly during the first six months. Nevertheless, human breast milk composition is variable and more insight in the exact factors contributing to this variability is warranted. In this review, we explored the impact of maternal dietary intake and nutritional status (e.g., anthropometric measures, body mass index, bioimpedance) on human milk macronutrient composition. Method: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane were systematically searched till November 2019. Results: In total, 4946 publications underwent title-abstract screening; 101 publications underwent full-text screening. Eventually, 50 publications were included in this review, investigating either associations between maternal dietary intake (n=29) and/or maternal nutritional status (n=29), and macronutrient composition of human breast milk. Reported energy composition ranged from 51-72 kcal/dl, and 67% and 54% of the studies reported associations between with maternal nutritional intake and status, respectively. Protein content ranged from 0.8-3.3g/dl and four studies suggested a negative association with nutritional status. Fat content ranged from 2.1- 9.8g/dl, and 68% of the studies reported positive associations with nutritional status. Carbohydrate content ranged from 5.8-7.5g/dl, and 67% of the included studies did not report an association between intake or status. Conclusion: Literature investigating associations of maternal dietary intake and nutrition status with breast milk composition of macronutrients and energy content is diversified, both in terms of used methodology as well as results. Further studies using well defined and standard parameters are essential to aid the formulation of scientific recommendations.

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“…The only limitation in understanding the complete association between breast milk components and infant immunity is the variation that exists amongst women and period of active lactation. Higher fat content is observed in the milk of malnourished women as compared to the well nourished women, although difference is not statistically significant between the two groups (Spring et al, 1985). Alternatively, decreased protein, lactalbumin and lactoferrin concentration is reported in severely malnourished mothers (Lonnerdal et al, 1976; Forsum and Lonnerdal, 1980), whereas high protein diet results in enhanced nitrogen contents of milk (Emery, 1978).…”

Section: Malnutrition and Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Maternal Protein Malnutrition: Current and Future Perspectives of Spirulina Supplementation in Neuroprotection

Sinha

Patro

2018

Front. Neurosci.

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Malnutrition has been widely recognized as a grave burden restricting the progress of underdeveloped and developing countries. Maternal, neonatal and postnatal nutritional immunity provides an effective approach to decrease the risk of malnutrition associated stress in adulthood. Particularly, maternal nutritional status is a critical contributor for determining the long-term health aspects of an offspring. Maternal malnutrition leads to increased risk of life, poor immune system, delayed motor development and cognitive dysfunction in the children. An effective immunomodulatory intervention using nutraceutical could be used to enhance immunity against infections. The immune system in early life possesses enormous dynamic capacity to manage both genetic and environment driven processes and can adapt to rapidly changing environmental exposures. These immunomodulatory stimuli or potent nutraceutical strategy can make use of early life plasticity to target pathways of immune ontogeny, which in turn could increase the immunity against infectious diseases arising from malnutrition. This review provides appreciable human and animal data showing enduring effects of protein deprivation on CNS development, oxidative stress and inflammation and associated behavioral and cognitive impairments. Relevant studies on nutritional supplementation and rehabilitation using Spirulina as a potent protein source and neuroprotectant against protein malnutrition (PMN) induced deleterious changes have also been discussed. However, there are many futuristic issues that need to be resolved for proper modulation of these therapeutic interventions to prevent malnutrition.

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Fat and energy content of breast milk of malnourished and well nourished women, Brazil 1982

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Evolutionary and enviromental influences on human lactation

Evolutionary and enviromental influences on human lactation

Maternal dietary intake, nutritional status and macronutrient composition of human breast milk: systematic review

Maternal Protein Malnutrition: Current and Future Perspectives of Spirulina Supplementation in Neuroprotection

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