Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses

O'Sullivan, JD; Allworth, AM; Paterson, David L.; Snow, TM; Boots, Robert; Gleeson, Laurence J.; Gould, Allan R.; Hyatt, A.D.; Bradfield, John M

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)06162-4

Cited by 320 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…nutritional stress or pregnancy; [21]), the risk of spill-over from intense but infrequent epidemics may be enhanced. Although the fact that 10 out of 14 HeV outbreak sites were near continuously occupied flying fox camps, which we assume contain non-migratory animals ( [16,36,61] [62,63]), and the sporadic nature of HeV outbreaks could be explained by wave-like spatiotemporal behaviour. Our models show that epidemic waves of HeV, sparked by urban epidemics and travelling progressively through non-urban populations, are a possible consequence of changing flying fox spatial population structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropusspp.)

Plowright

Foley

Field³

et al. 2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

304

385

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Anthropogenic environmental change is often implicated in the emergence of new zoonoses from wildlife; however, there is little mechanistic understanding of these causal links. Here, we examine the transmission dynamics of an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus, Hendra virus (HeV), in its endemic host, Australian Pteropus bats (fruit bats or flying foxes). HeV is a biosecurity level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen, with a high case-fatality rate in humans and horses. With models parametrized from field and laboratory data, we explore a set of probable contributory mechanisms that explain the spatial and temporal pattern of HeV emergence; including urban habituation and decreased migration-two widely observed changes in flying fox ecology that result from anthropogenic transformation of bat habitat in Australia. Urban habituation increases the number of flying foxes in contact with human and domestic animal populations, and our models suggest that, in addition, decreased bat migratory behaviour could lead to a decline in population immunity, giving rise to more intense outbreaks after local viral reintroduction. Ten of the 14 known HeV outbreaks occurred near urbanized or sedentary flying fox populations, supporting these predictions. We also demonstrate that by incorporating waning maternal immunity into our models, the peak modelled prevalence coincides with the peak annual spill-over hazard for HeV. These results provide the first detailed mechanistic framework for understanding the sporadic temporal pattern of HeV emergence, and of the urban/peri-urban distribution of HeV outbreaks in horses and people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropusspp.)

Plowright

Foley

Field³

et al. 2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

304

385

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“…ats are the natural reservoir for a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic agents (1,2), including the henipaviruses (Hendra virus [HeV] and Nipah virus) (3)(4)(5), severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses (6,7), Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg viruses (8), and, most recently identified, the Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (9,10). Although many bat-borne viruses cause significant and often fatal diseases in humans, bats remarkably remain asymptomatic upon infection and rarely show clinical signs of disease.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Antigen Processing Machinery and Endogenous Peptide Presentation of a Bat MHC Class I Molecule

Wynne

Woon

Dudek

et al. 2016

The Journal of Immunology

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Bats are a major reservoir of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome–like coronaviruses, henipaviruses, and Ebola virus. Although highly pathogenic to their spillover hosts, bats harbor these viruses, and a large number of other viruses, with little or no clinical signs of disease. How bats asymptomatically coexist with these viruses is unknown. In particular, little is known about bat adaptive immunity, and the presence of functional MHC molecules is mostly inferred from recently described genomes. In this study, we used an affinity purification/mass spectrometry approach to demonstrate that a bat MHC class I molecule, Ptal-N*01:01, binds antigenic peptides and associates with peptide-loading complex components. We identified several bat MHC class I–binding partners, including calnexin, calreticulin, protein disulfide isomerase A3, tapasin, TAP1, and TAP2. Additionally, endogenous peptide ligands isolated from Ptal-N*01:01 displayed a relatively broad length distribution and an unusual preference for a C-terminal proline residue. Finally, we demonstrate that this preference for C-terminal proline residues was observed in Hendra virus–derived peptides presented by Ptal-N*01:01 on the surface of infected cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify endogenous and viral MHC class I ligands for any bat species and, as such, provides an important avenue for monitoring and development of vaccines against major bat-borne viruses both in the reservoir and spillover hosts. Additionally, it will provide a foundation to understand the role of adaptive immunity in bat antiviral responses.

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“…Five of these outbreaks involved humans with four deaths among a total of seven human cases. 1,[4][5][6] Australian Flying-foxes All four species of Australian Flying-foxes (Pteropus spp., also called fruit bats) have been found to have serological evidence of previous exposure to Hendra virus. The virus was also detected in uterine fluid and foetal tissue, confirming Flying-foxes as the natural host.…”

Section: Results Of Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Further, Hendra virus can lead to encephalitis following a symptom-free period after an initial illness. 4,19 The incubation period has been estimated at 5-21 days and the human case fatality rate is over 50%. 18 Current treatment for Hendra virus is supportive and includes intravenous therapy and mechanical ventilation.…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%