Fate of dietary phytosteryl/-stanyl esters: analysis of individual intact esters in human feces

Lubinus, Tim; Barnsteiner, Andreas; Skurk, Thomas; Hauner, Hans; Engel, Karl‐Heinz

doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0407-4

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The PS profile in feces 3 and 4 resembles the composition of PS-enriched beverages. This has also been reported by Weststrate et al [14] in subjects consuming margarine enriched with PS esters (8.6 g PS/day), and by Lubinus et al [24] in feces from subjects ingesting three different fermented milks enriched with PS esters (2 g PS/day). Weststrate et al [14] reported that PS-enriched margarine intake significantly increased fecal neutral sterol excretion from about 40 mg/g to about 190 mg/g dry weight of feces, i.e., nearly fivefold.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

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Determination of Fecal Sterols Following a Diet with and without Plant Sterols

Cuevas-Tena

Alegrı́a

Lagarda

2017

Lipids

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The aim of this study was to develop a method for neutral fecal sterols determination in subjects receiving a normal diet with or without a plant sterols-enriched beverage using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sample preparation conditions (homogenization of lyophilized feces with water) were evaluated. Sterol determination required direct hot saponification, unsaponifiable extraction with hexane, and the formation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. The method allows the quantification of cholesterol, plant sterols and their metabolites (coprostanol, coprostanone, cholestanol, cholestanone, methylcoprostanol, methylcoprostanone, ethylcoprostenol, stigmastenol, ethylcoprostanol and ethylcoprostanone). Good linearity was obtained (r > 0.96) and interference was only observed for coprostanone, where the standard addition method proved necessary for quantification. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.10 to 3.88 µg/g dry feces and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) from 0.34 to 12.94 µg/g dry feces. Intra- and inter-assay precision (RSD %) were 0.9-9.2 and 2.1-11.3, respectively. Accuracy, expressed as percentage recovery (80-119%) was obtained for all determined sterols.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Feces from subjects that consume fat-rich foods (butter or corn oil) [10], PS-enriched foods such as margarine (6.8 g PS/day) [14] or skimmed milk yoghurt beverage (2 g/day) [24] have been analyzed in relation to neutral sterols and their metabolites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Fecal Sterols Following a Diet with and without Plant Sterols

Cuevas-Tena

Alegrı́a

Lagarda

2017

Lipids

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“…Several studies measured animal and plant sterols in blood and faecal samples (26,33) or plasma only (34) . Some studies examined faecal samples only in (short-to medium-term) intervention studies (1,25,26,33) .…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between usual food intake and faecal sterols and bile acids: results from the Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region (KORA FF4) study

et al. 2019

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Animal sterols, plant sterols and bile acids in stool samples have been suggested as biomarkers of dietary intake. It is still unknown whether they also reflect long-term habitual dietary intake and can be used in aetiological research. In a subgroup of the Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region (KORA FF4) study, habitual dietary intake was estimated based on repeated 24-h food list and a FFQ. Stool samples were collected according to a standard operating procedure and those meeting the quality criteria were extracted and analysed by means of a metabolomics technique. The present study is based on data from 513 men and 495 women with a mean age of 60 and 58 years, respectively, for which faecal animal and plant sterols and bile acids concentrations and dietary intake data were available. In adjusted regression models, the associations between food intake and log-normalised metabolite concentrations were analysed. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple testing. In this population-based sample, associations between habitual dietary intake and faecal concentrations of animal sterols were identified, while the impact of usual diet on bile acids was limited. A habitual diet high in ‘fruits’ and ‘nuts and seeds’ is associated with lower animal faecal sterols concentrations, whereas a diet high in ‘meat and meat products’ is positively related to faecal concentrations of animal sterols. A positive association between glycocholate and fruit consumption was found. Further studies are necessary for evaluation of faecal animal sterols as biomarkers of diet. The findings need to be confirmed in other populations with diverse dietary habits.

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“…The most widely used IS is 5α‐cholestane (Table ), though exceptionally other options such as nor‐cholic acid are also used. Cholesteryl acetate and cholesteryl cinnamate have been used in determining esterified forms . Besides, some authors use a surrogate standard (SS), this is a non‐target analyte that has chemical properties similar to those of the analyte of interest.…”

Section: Determination Of Dietary Sterols and Metabolites In Fecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cholesteryl acetate and cholesteryl cinnamate have been used in determining esterified forms. [98] Besides, some authors use a surrogate standard (SS), this is a non-target analyte that has chemical properties similar to those of the analyte of interest. A known concentration of SS is added at the start of the analysis, together with the sample, in order to evaluate the analyte response during the measurement.…”

Section: Internal Standard (Is)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Dietary Sterols and Gut Microbiota: A Review

Cuevas-Tena

Alegrı́a

Lagarda

2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Cholesterol intestinal absorption differs markedly from that of plant sterols; whereas the cholesterol absorption rate is high (30–60%) for total plant sterols it is low (2–3%). Non‐absorbed sterols reach the colon, where the microbiota interacts with them. Non‐absorbed cholesterol biotransformation has been widely studied by in vitro fermentation assays using gut microbiota from human feces and pure cultures of enteric microorganisms. A great variety of sterols and its metabolites have been detected, which allows establishing two pathways for cholesterol microbial degradation to coprostanol. However, biotransformation studies of plant sterols are scarce and its microbial transformation pathway remains to be fully clarified. Furthermore, the sterol contents in feces are highly variable among individuals, due to specific microbiota and especially dietary factors. However, no standardized methodology has been developed for sterols and their metabolites determination in feces. Studies on sterol excretion values, microbial transformation, and sterol determination methodology have been reviewed. Given that cholesterol metabolites can contribute to the development of colon cancer and that information about plant sterols biotransformation is scarce, this review contributes to improve the knowledge of the sterol implication in the gut microbiota and of PS impact in the colonic microbiota metabolization of cholesterol. Practical Applications: It has been suggested that the metabolites produced during the biotransformation of cholesterol have pro‐carcinogenic activity within colon. In addition, it has been indicated that the intake of high doses of plant sterols can attenuate or decrease this biotransformation. However, it is still unknown if the microbial metabolites of plant sterols have the same effect as those of animal origin. In order to shed light on the aforementioned aspects, all the information about the dietary sterols biotransformation and their impact on gut microbiota have been compiled. In addition, the sterols contents in feces and their methodologic analysis have also been reviewed. This review offers a broad view on the interaction between dietary sterols and gut microbiota, which can help to the better understand the relationship between microbiota and sterols for future research studies. This review presents the impact of dietary sterol on gut microbiota and microbial transformation of dietary sterols.

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Fate of dietary phytosteryl/-stanyl esters: analysis of individual intact esters in human feces

Cited by 24 publications

References 43 publications

Determination of Fecal Sterols Following a Diet with and without Plant Sterols

Determination of Fecal Sterols Following a Diet with and without Plant Sterols

Associations between usual food intake and faecal sterols and bile acids: results from the Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region (KORA FF4) study

Relationship Between Dietary Sterols and Gut Microbiota: A Review

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