Fathers, Mothers and Sex Typing

Parental Influences on the Gendered Division of Housework

“…Despite an ongoing debate over the extent to which parents treat their daughters and sons differently (e.g., Block 1984; Maccoby and Jacklin 1974), some versions of socialization theory argue that the influences of the samesex parent are especially important to gender-related socialization (Johnson 1975;Lynn 1969). If children identify more closely with the same-sex parent, we might expect to find higher levels of parent-child similarity between either the mother-daughter dyad or the father-son dyad.…”

Beyond Deficit-Filling and Developmental Stakes: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Parental Heritage

“…It appears that when the parent has high selfesteem, identification with the child may promote the child's high achievement and emotional well-being (Baruch, 1976). In cases of lower parental self-esteem, however, parental identification approaches symbiosis, and the child's growth and development may be restricted (Johnson, 1975;Lynn, 1969). Furthermore, such parental overidentification may impede conceptualization of parental heritage.…”

“…Children's identification with parents appears to facilitate their adoption of parental behaviors and personality characteristics (Johnson, 1975;Lynn, 1969). For example, Chodorow (1978) has suggested that through identification, individuals tend to reproduce the same-sex parent's child-care role and degree of emotional relatedness.…”

Developing Attitudes Toward the Role of Women

“…A number of writers have noted how the quality of the father-child relationship influences sex role identity. With females, close associations with the father are associated with more traditionally feminine orientations in lifestyle and/or personality (see especially Johnson, 1963Johnson, , 1975also White, 1959;Leonard, 1966;Mussen and Rutherford, 1963;Nuzum, 1970;Lynn, 1976). With males, greater nurturance and warmth from the father facilitates a traditional masculine orientation (Payne and Mussen, 1956;Distler, 1959, 1960;Biller, 1969;Freedheim, 1960;Kaplar, 1970).…”