“…Nonetheless, some recent studies have made attempts to explain the concept of numerical implementation of strong and soft discontinuities in the numerical solution space. The standard finite element method (FEM) (Gray et al, 2003), the extended finite element method (XFEM), the meshless methods (Belytschko and Fleming, 1999;Atluri and Zhu, 1998;Belytschko et al, 1996;Chen et al, 2006;Fleming et al, 1997;Musivand-Arzanfudi and Hosseini-Toudeshky, 2009), the isogeometric analysis method (IGA) (Choi and Cho, 2014;Khademalrasoul, 2018;Khademalrasoul and Naderi, 2015;Verhoosel et al, 2011) and the extended isogeometric analysis method (XIGA) (Bhardwaj and Singh, 2015;Bhardwaj et al, 2016;Ghorashi et al, 2012;Singh et al, 2018) have been employed to investigate crack propagation. Also from a diversity of research in fracture phenomenon, the brittle crack growth is of fundamental significance in the durability of a structure.…”