“…In recent years, vehicle lightweighting has played a key part in energy saving and environment protection in the transportation industry [1,2,3,4]. Aluminum alloys, as an important type of lightweight material, have become increasingly popular due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, good formability, machinability and recyclability [5]. Meanwhile, there is a high demand to weld Al to other materials, namely, Fe, Cu, Mg, plastics, etc., for maximizing the potential of lightweight structures and electrical power components (e.g., power cables, connectors and terminals) associated with relatively low weight and cost in electrical vehicles [6,7].…”