Fatty Acid Direct Production from Palm Kernel Oil

Tambun, Rondang; Ferani, D G; Afrina, Ade; Tambun, J A A; Tarigan, I A A

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/505/1/012115

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For the PKO sample, the predominant SFA was lauric acid, with 41.85%, while oleic acid was the predominant UFA, with 17.45%. Similar fatty acid composition was obtained for PKO as reported by Tambun et al 56 However, there is the need to further improve on the saturation level of the PKO by chemical modification, prior to their possible application as biolubricant 4 …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

Egbuna

Nwachukwu

Agu

et al. 2021

Engineering Reports

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This work focused on the chemical synthesis and characterization of palm kernel oil (PKO) for biolubricant production using transesterification of palm kernel methyl ester with trimethylolpropane (TMP) and epoxidation‐esterification methods. The PKO was extracted using solvent extraction method. The physicochemical characteristics of the PKO and produced biolubricant samples were determined using standard methods. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and gas chromatographic (GC) analyses were used to determine the predominant functional groups and fatty acids of PKO and the produced biolubricant samples, respectively. The kernel oil yield of 49.82% (by weight) was obtained at 55°C, 150 min and 0.5 mm particle size. The viscosities at 40°C, 100°C, viscosity index, pour and flash points of the biolubricants produced by transesterification with TMP (PKBLT) and epoxidation‐esterification (PKBLE) methods, were (42.53 cSt, 10.65 cSt, 139, −11°C, 235°C) and (44.69 cSt, 11.42 cSt, 132, −12°C, 240°C), respectively. Time, mole ratio, and temperature effects were the main factors that significantly influenced the transesterification and epoxidation processes. The obtained physicochemical properties of PKBLE and PKBLT samples showed conformity with ISO VG 32 standard, hence their possible application as biolubricant basestock. Furthermore, the presences of the C–H, OH functional groups in the FTIR results, indicate the biodegradability of the produced biolubricant samples; while the GC analyses indicate that the samples were mainly saturated fatty acids.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

Egbuna

Nwachukwu

Agu

et al. 2021

Engineering Reports

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“…Fatty acids level in PKO measured using gas chromatography by Nainggolan and Sinaga (2021) showed that lauric acid was the highest with 45.61% followed by myristic acid with 16.26%, and palmitic acid with 9.70%. A similar trend was also observed in the findings of Paulin and Irene (2019) and Tambun et al (2019) that lauric acid is the most abundant fatty acid in PKO. The results of the present study are in line with the findings of these previous studies.…”

Section: Determination Of Fatty Acids In Palm Kernel Oilsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…An important physical property of PKO is its sharp melting point which makes it suitable for use as raw material in certain food products such as margarine and different types of chocolate (Dian et al 2017). Moreover, fatty acids and their derivates produced from PKO are used in the chemical industry to produce tires, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, paints, soaps, detergents, and others (Tambun et al 2019). This oil also has bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities that the antimicrobial and antiviral activities are due to the large composition of lauric acid it contains while the antioxidant activity is associated with the presence of polyphenols, α-tocopherol, carotenoids, and β-sitosterol (Paulin 2020; Nainggolan and Sinaga 2021).…”

Section: Determination Of Fatty Acids In Palm Kernel Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

The composition of fatty acids in several vegetable oils from Indonesia

2022

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Abstract. Rahman H, Sitompul JP, Tjokrodiningrat S. 2022. The composition of fatty acids in several vegetable oils from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2167-2176. Fatty acids are generally incorporated into a triglyceride structure in vegetable oils and this indicates vegetable oils are a source of fatty acids. Fatty acids and triglycerides are fatty groups commonly known to have a detrimental effect on health but have an important role in terms of nutrition, health, and are also a source of industrial raw materials. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the composition of fatty acids in several edible vegetable oils which are quite widely available in Indonesia such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, nutmeg oil, cinnamon oil, and canarium oil. The fatty acids profile of these vegetable oils was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography while the composition was determined by comparing the peaks in each vegetable oil with the standard fatty acids. It was discovered that all the six vegetable oils contain fatty acids with different compositions, and this signifies the availability of a complete variety of fatty acids in Indonesia. Moreover, the highest fatty acid content in coconut oil and palm kernel oil was found to be lauric acid with a concentration of 49.00% and 49.25% respectively while the contents in palm oil include palmitic acid with 44.00% and oleic acid with 41.00%. The nutmeg oil was dominated by myristic acid with 78.00%, cinnamon oil by stearic acid with 50.16%, and canarium oil by oleic acid with 51.71%. Furthermore, the concentration range for all the vegetable oils includes 14.66-91.20% saturated, 6.30-52.31% monounsaturated, and 1.35-33.03% polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results can be used as a source of information in the process of utilizing fatty acids and triglycerides in vegetable oils, and also provide the data required to estimate the nutritional value of the plant biodiversity originating from Indonesia.

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“…Palmitic acid is a fatty acid formed by the hydrolysis process. Naturally, in palm fruit there is a lipase enzyme [10]. The lipase enzyme has a function to break down fat or triglyceride molecules in palm oil, so that they become simpler molecules in the form of free fatty acids (FFA) [11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential and Characterization of Oil Palm Loose Fruits (Lf) by Steaming and Pressure Steaming (Autoclaving) Process

Prihatiningtyas,

Ramadhan,

Purnomo

et al. 2023

Advances in Biological Sciences Research

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Generally the palm loose fruits (LF) that have passed the processing time are considered as solid waste. In this study, the potential of palm loose fruits (LF) will be investigated. Mechanical extraction to obtain crude palm oil (CPO) from palm loose fruits (LF) will be carried out. Before enter the extraction process, oil palm loose fruits (LF) will be softened by heating using steaming or pressure steaming (autoclaving). The oil palm loose fruits (LF) that have passed the processing delay of 4, 8 and 12 days will be characterized and investigated related to the composition of the mesocarp, seeds and yields, both by steaming and autoclaving. It was found that the composition of mesocarp of oil palm loose fruits (LF) at different processing delay by steaming or autoclaving process was ± 55% and the yield of oil (CPO) was around 15.3 -16.64%. The results also showed that autoclaving will give significantly more yields than steaming when the oil palm loose fruits (LF) had a 12-day delay in processing. The composition of the seeds or kernels of oil palm loose fruits (LF) was around 45%. Seeds known as kernels which can be processed to produce crude palm kernel oil (CPKO), further could offer the added economic value of palm loose fruits (LF). In addition, this study found that CPO of oil palm loose fruits (LF) contain palmitic acid, while palmitic acid increased with increasing processing delay of palm loose fruits. The palmitic acid content increases due to the hydrolysis process of the palm loose fruits. Palmitic acid is a type of saturated fatty acid that has similarities with hydrocarbon compounds found in petroleum, so it can be determined that oil palm loose fruits (LF) that have passed the processing time up to 12 days still have potential as a source of biofuels.

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Fatty Acid Direct Production from Palm Kernel Oil

Cited by 13 publications

References 6 publications

Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

The composition of fatty acids in several vegetable oils from Indonesia

The Potential and Characterization of Oil Palm Loose Fruits (Lf) by Steaming and Pressure Steaming (Autoclaving) Process

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