Fatty Acid Phytyl Ester Synthesis in Chloroplasts of <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Lippold, Felix; Dorp, Katharina vom; Abraham, Marion; Hölzl, Georg; Wewer, Vera; Yilmaz, Jenny Lindberg; Lager, Ida; Montandon, Cyrille; Besagni, Céline; Kessler, Félix; Stymne, Sten; Dörmann, Peter

doi:10.1105/tpc.112.095588

Cited by 204 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…It is characterized by the persistence of a pale green phenotype for a longer period of time than in the wild type. This pale green phenotype correlates with the retention of a thylakoid membrane network, which could explain the presence of residual chlorophyll (Lippold et al 2012). The presence of a predicted hydrolase domain of the a/bsuperfamily in PES1 and 2 proteins in addition to the esterase domain suggests that these two proteins may also have lipase activity and be directly involved in galactolipid catabolism.…”

Section: Role Of Plastoglobules During Leaf Senescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the pes1-pes2 double mutant under nitrogen starvation, the amount of FAPEs was reduced by 85 % suggesting that these two enzymes play a major role (Lippold et al 2012). In contrary, the amount of TAGs in the mutant leaves is only 30 % lower, certainly due to the implication of other diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes such as DGAT1 (Zou et al 1999;Dahlqvist et al 2000;Lardizabal et al 2001;Kaup et al 2002).…”

Section: Role Of Plastoglobules During Leaf Senescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the plastoglobule proteome contains several other major components: CCD4 (carotenoid cleavage dioxygenaseAt4g19170), VTE1 (tocopherol cyclase-At4g32770) and NDC1 (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase C1-At5g08740), which account for 3.3, 2.6 and 2.5 % of the protein mass, respectively. PES1 (At1g54570) and PES2 (At3g26840), two phytyl ester synthases represent 2.6 and 1.4 % of the proteome, respectively (Lippold et al 2012). The remaining proteins account for \20 % of the protein mass.…”

Section: Fibrillinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These two acyltransferase proteins, up-regulated during senescence and nitrogen starvation, belong to the ELT (esterase/lipase/thioesterase) family that includes six members in Arabidopsis. They can esterify either diacylglycerol or the phytol (stemming from degradation of the thylakoid membrane and the chlorophyll) with free fatty acids, resulting in the formation of triacylglycerols and FAPEs, respectively (Lippold et al 2012). According to the nature of the acyl groups in phytyl ester and triacylglycerols, fatty acids may be derived from de novo synthesis or galactolipid degradation which provides a pool enriched in fatty acids C16:3 and C18:3 (Browse et al 1986).…”

Section: Role Of Plastoglobules During Leaf Senescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plastoquinol (PQH 2 ) and tocopherol (vitamin E) are the major constituents of the prenylquinone lipid family in plastoglobules, whereas phylloquinone (vitamin K) is also present but in minor concentrations (Lichtenthaler and Peveling 1966;Steinmuller and Tevini 1985;Austin et al 2006;Lohmann et al 2006;Gaude et al 2007;Zbierzak et al 2010;Lippold et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A mechanism implicating plastoglobules in thylakoid disassembly during senescence and nitrogen starvation

Besagni

Kessler

2012

Planta

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Plastoglobules are lipid droplets present in all plastid types. In chloroplasts, they are connected to the thylakoid membrane by the outer lipid half-bilayer. The plastoglobule core is composed of neutral lipids most prominently the prenylquinones, triacylglycerols, fatty acid phytyl esters but likely also unknown compounds. During stress and various developmental stages such as senescence, plastoglobule size and number increase due to the accumulation of lipids. However, their role is not limited to lipid storage. Indeed, the characterization of the plastoglobule proteome revealed the presence of enzymes. Importantly it has been demonstrated that these participate in isoprenoid lipid metabolic pathways at the plastoglobule, notably in the metabolism of prenylquinones. Recently, the characterization of two phytyl ester synthases has established a firm metabolic link between PG enzymatic activity and thylakoid disassembly during chloroplast senescence and nitrogen starvation.

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Section: Role Of Plastoglobules During Leaf Senescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Plastoglobules During Leaf Senescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fibrillinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Plastoglobules During Leaf Senescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A mechanism implicating plastoglobules in thylakoid disassembly during senescence and nitrogen starvation

Besagni

Kessler

2012

Planta

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Metabolism and autophagy in plants—a perfect match

et al. 2022

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Autophagy is a eukaryotic cellular transport mechanism that delivers intracellular macromolecules, proteins, and even organelles to a lytic organelle (vacuole in yeast and plants/lysosome in animals) for degradation and nutrient recycling. The process is mediated by highly conserved autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. In plants, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis under favorable conditions, guaranteeing normal plant growth and fitness. Severe stress such as nutrient starvation and plant senescence further induce it, thus ensuring plant survival under unfavorable conditions by providing nutrients through the removal of damaged or aged proteins, or organelles. In this article, we examine the interplay between metabolism and autophagy, focusing on the different aspects of this reciprocal relationship. We show that autophagy has a strong influence on a range of metabolic processes, whereas at the same time, even single metabolites can activate autophagy. We highlight the involvement of ATG genes in metabolism, examine the role of the macronutrients carbon and nitrogen, and various micronutrients, and take a closer look at how the interaction between autophagy and metabolism impacts on plant phenotypes and yield.

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Phytol and Phytyl Fatty Acid Esters: Occurrence, Concentrations, and Relevance

Krauß

Vetter

2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Phytyl fatty acid esters (PFAE) are long chain isoprenoid esters consisting of phytol esterified to fatty acids. Phytol, which is mainly known as side chain of the plant pigment chlorophyll, is released during chlorophyll breakdown. PFAE mainly function as storage forms for free phytol to protect plant cells as phytol shows membrane toxic properties. Surprisingly, only scattered data on PFAE can be found in the literature. For instance, PFAE are known to occur in mosses, selected leaves of higher plants, and also in some fruits and vegetables. As PFAE seem to be fissile in the human body, their phytol moiety is bioavailable and can be converted into phytanic acid. Patients with Refsum's disease cannot metabolize phytanic acid and accumulate it in blood and organs with severe consequences. For treatment, patients must keep a special diet avoiding foods with high amounts of phytanic acid or free phytol with the tolerable daily intake being ≤10 mg. In addition, PFAE in fruits and vegetables directly add to the intake of phytol or rather phytanic acid. Therefore, their contents must be taken into account regarding dietary recommendations. This review summarizes the literature data on occurrence, concentrations, and analytical methods for the determination of PFAE. Practical application: The data provided give an overview of matrices containing PFAE which also include edible plant parts. This information can help improving the life quality of patients suffering from Refsum's disease. Additionally, a summary of different analytical methods for the determination of PFAE is presented which will hopefully encourage further research on this class of esters. Phytyl fatty acid esters (PFAE) are long chain isoprenoid esters consisting of trans‐phytol esterified with fatty acids. They are reported to occur in several mosses and algae, in leaves of some higher plants as well as in selected fruits and vegetables. In contrast to chlorophyll, PFAE are found to be a potential source for bioavailable trans‐phytol. Free trans‐phytol is known as a precursor for phytanic acid which cannot be metabolized by patients with Refum's disease. Hence, edible plant parts with elevated PFAE levels add to the daily tolerable intake of phytanic acid for these patients. This review gives an overview of occurrence, variability, and contents of PFAE and summarizes various analytical methods for their determination.

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Fatty Acid Phytyl Ester Synthesis in Chloroplasts of Arabidopsis

Cited by 204 publications

References 66 publications

A mechanism implicating plastoglobules in thylakoid disassembly during senescence and nitrogen starvation

A mechanism implicating plastoglobules in thylakoid disassembly during senescence and nitrogen starvation

Metabolism and autophagy in plants—a perfect match

Phytol and Phytyl Fatty Acid Esters: Occurrence, Concentrations, and Relevance

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