Fatty ethanolamide of Bertholletia excelsa triglycerides (Brazil nuts): anti-inflammatory action and acute toxicity evaluation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Abstract

Fatty amides (N-alkylamides) are a group of bioactive lipids widely distributed in microorganisms, animals, and plants. The low yield in the extraction process of spilantol, a grease amide, which has been related mainly to diverse biological effects, compromises its application on a large scale. Thus, this study proposed an alternative to the synthesis of fatty amides from Bertholletia excelsa (AGBe) oil, with a chemical structure similar to that of spilantol. In vivo models induced by carrageenan were used in Zebra sh (Danio rerio). In in vivo studies, oral AGBe produced no signs of toxicity. In the histopathological study, AGBe did not cause signi cant changes in the main metabolizing organs (liver, kidneys, and intestines). In the anti-in ammatory evaluation, all doses (45 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg) were effective, signi cantly reducing edema and producing a dose-response effect when compared to spilantol. In the in silico study, with the use of molecular docking, he showed that among the AGBe, the molecules 18:1, ω-7-ethanolamine and 18:1, ω-9-ethanolamine stood out, which had 21 interactions for COX-2 and 20 interactions for PLA 2 , respectively, surpassing the spilantol standard with 15 interactions for COX-2 and PLA 2 . The hypothesis of anti-in ammatory action was con rmed in the in silico study, demonstrating the involvement of AGBe in the process of inhibiting the enzymes COX-2 and PLA 2 .Therefore, based on all the results obtained and the fact that until the dose of 1000 mg/kg, orally, in zebra sh, it was not possible to determine the LD 50 , it can be said that AGBe is effective and safe for the activity anti-in ammatory.

Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Potential of Hydroethanolic Extract of Bauhinia guianensis Aubl. In Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…The animals that received the standard drug, indomethacin, had a decrease in edema. This nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is widely used as a positive control in screening new antiinflammatory molecules [33], as evidenced in other studies that obtained similar inhibitory inflammation responses in Danio rerio [22,23]. It is noted that the HESBg achieved a higher percentage of inhibition of abdominal edema than the anti-inflammatory used, and the HELBg, even with a lower percentage of inhibition than the control, also showed an inhibitory effect against edema.…”

“…In terms of application sciences, there is a lot of biomedical research about inflammation in experimental model Danio rerio [22,23]. This animal model has been widely used in tests for drug discovery, due to its characteristics, such as easy genetic manipulation, high prolificity, external fertilization, rapid development, transparent embryo [24,25].…”

Anti-inflammatory potential of baicalein combined with silk fibroin protein in a zebrafish model (Danio rerio)

“…As for behavioral changes during the experiment, BASF induced few changes compared to the normal pattern when observed within 48 h. These changes may indicate the toxic action of the substance tested, since when in contact with it, they tend to trigger a series of physiological, tissue and behavioral changes. Several authors corroborate that the use of adult zebrafish is a reliable and reproductive model to test the acute toxicity of a substance (Borges et al 2018;Carvalho et al 2018;Jeevanandam et al 2019;Quitian-Useche et al 2021). The adult zebrafish, when in contact with a toxic substance or an unfavorable environmental condition, can present physiological responses by the stress mechanism, in an attempt to survive, such responses can cause tissue and behavioral changes and even the death of the animal (Santos, 2019).…”

“…Due to its many advantages, including large-scale handling, small size, optical transparency, organ sensitivity, high genetic similarity to humans, rapid development and low relative cost, this model has well-established protocols for several biomedical studies (Jeevanandam et al 2019). The zebrafish model has excelled in research studies into various types of inflammation in recent years (Huang et al 2014;Brugman 2016;Novoa et al 2019;Wu et al 2020;Quitian-Useche et al 2021).…”

Green Extraction of Annatto Seed Oily Extract and Its Use as a Pharmaceutical Material for the Production of Lipid Nanoparticles

“…However, based on Amazon biodiversity, numerous advances have been made in recent years to demonstrate the health benefits of oils from Amazon, and among these, B. excelsa seed oil stands out. The oils extracted from the seed of B. excelsa show notable high nutritional value and several biological activities, such as healing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities [21][22][23]. Furthermore, this oil has a high stearic acid content and low concentration of other saturated fats, excellent characteristics for the oil phase in the preparation of NLCs [24].…”