Fault-tolerance and noise modelling in nanoscale circuit design

Abstract

Fault-tolerance in integrated circuit design has become an alarming issue for circuit designers and semiconductor industries wishing to downscale transistor dimensions to their utmost. The motivation to conduct research on fault-tolerant design is backed by the observation that the noise which was ineffective in the large-dimension circuits is expected to cause a significant downgraded performance in low-scaled transistor operation of future CMOS technology models. This paper is destined to give an overview of all the major fault-tolerance techniques and noise models proposed so far. Summing and analysing all this work, we have divided the literature into three categories and discussed their applicability in terms of proposing circuit design modifications, finding output error probability or methods proposed to achieve highly accurate simulation results.

Eighteenth Amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan: Success and Controversies

“…They proposed to examine the provisions of Article 146 of the constitution which permitted the federal government to transfer any functions and responsibilities falling within its purview to the provincial governments and also transfer the resources necessary for this purpose to the provinces. (Anwer, 2010) Another proposal was that autonomy would best be achieved not by scrapping the Concurrent List but by transferring those subjects from the Federal List to the Concurrent List on which the provinces want to have a greater say. (Ezdi, 2010a) Now a new type of conflict among the province regarding the powers of these items may arise and also a new type of framework in respect of these subjects among the provinces and the Centre will have to be developed.…”

“…By transferring a number of legislative subjects to the provinces (along with the funds currently allocated to them) with the provision that hence forward the provincial governments, which are already badly strapped for financial resources, would be responsible for incurring expenditures which the federal government was bearing. (Anwer, 2010) By adorning the Prime Minister with the powers of appointing governors and service Chiefs, he has been vested with greater responsibilities. In this way the merit may be slain on the altar of expedience.…”