Favor reciprocation theory in education: New corruption typology

Corruption in schools? The scale and sources of corruption perceptions in Poland

“…There is a rich spectrum of different types of corruption in education that can happen at any level of educational governance (Chapman, 2002) and at any step on the educational ladder, from preschool to higher education (OECD, 2017). It includes, for example, inappropriate spending of parental contributions or government expenditures, informal transactions or favour reciprocation in access to educational institutions, undue recognition of academic achievements and turning a blind eye to academic dishonesty (such as cheating or plagiarism), the demand of private supplementary tutoring; or corrupt interest in textbook choices (Chapman, 2002;Sabic-El-Rayess and Mansur, 2016;see also Transparency International, 2013). According to Nataliya Rumyantseva (2005), special attention should be given to those forms of corruption in education that most explicitly involve students (among others, bribe-giving or unjustified private tutoring), as it has a more direct impact on student's beliefs and values than, for example, corruption in education administration.…”

“…bribes and informal payments) versus non-pecuniary (favour-based reciprocations). The recent developments in the field also suggest that the peculiar feature of corruption in education is that it often consists not of individual corrupt acts, but of collective ones, such as bribes from the class or group to pass an exam (Sabic-El--Rayess and Mansur, 2016;Borcan, Lindahl and Mitrut, 2017).…”

The Principle of Constructing the Algorithm of the Functioning of the Neural Network - the Basis of the Exam System of Artificial Intelligence

“…Prospects for the use of artifi cial intelligence systems (AI) in the educational process are actively discussed in the current literature [1]- [3]. In particular, the possibilities of using AI as an instrument to combat the bureaucratization of the educational process and corruption in higher education are being analyzed [4], [5].…”

“…In many post-Soviet states, including in Kazakhstan, the scope of corruption in universities has de facto reached a level at which there is a question about its impact on national security [4], [5], although the authors of most of the works on this subject speak with some a touch of "bashfulness", accompanying their judgments with various reservations [6]- [9].…”

“…Th e existing scale of corruption, fl ourishing in universities, really represents a direct threat to the geopolitical level, since a signifi cant reduction in the quality of higher education associated with corruption manifestations already calls into question both the intellectual sovereignty of the post-Soviet states and their ability to ensure the development of promising technologies, including including in the military-technical sphere [4], [5]. However, it should be noted that the issue of corruption in universities is actively discussed in the world literature [10]- [12], and the growth in the number of publications on this topic is indicative ( Figure 1).…”