FBK VUV-sensitive Silicon Photomultipliers for cryogenic temperatures

Capasso, M.; Acerbi, Fabio; Borghi, G.; Ficorella, A.; Furlan, N.; Mazzi, A.; Merzi, Stefano; Mozharov, Vladimir; Regazzoni, V.; Zorzi, N.; Paternoster, G.; Gola, A.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2020.164478

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The delayed correlated noise increases when decreasing the temperatures because of both the longer traps release time and the higher carrier lifetime. Thus these probabilities are higher than at room temperature, as reported in [17]. We also measured the PDE (Figure 4d), using pulsed LED illumination, with the method and the setup The correlated noise considers all the noisy pulses generated because of a primary one (either photon or thermal generated).…”

Section: Performance Of 6 × 6 MM 2 Sipm Modulesmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The SiPMs are based on the vacuum ultraviolet, high-density (VUV-HD) low-field technology. Despite the peak PDE not well matched to the wavelength range of the TD-DO application, this was chosen because of the low primary noise (DCR) and its high variation with temperature and the lower correlated noise, particularly afterpulsing [17]. The SiPMs are cooled to about −15 °C inside a vacuum-sealed TO8 package (thus external glass window and the package surface are at room temperature).…”

Section: Sipm Modules Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single-Photon Detection Module Based on Large-Area Silicon Photomultipliers for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

et al. 2021

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Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) are pixelated single-photon detectors combining high sensitivity, good time resolution and high dynamic range. They are emerging in many fields, such as time-domain diffuse optics (TD-DO). This is a promising technique in neurology, oncology, and quality assessment of food, wood, and pharmaceuticals. SiPMs can have very large areas and can significantly increase the sensitivity of TD-DO in tissue investigation. However, such improvement is currently limited by the high detector noise and the worsening of SiPM single-photon time resolution due to the large parasitic capacitances. To overcome such limitation, in this paper, we present two single-photon detection modules, based on 6 × 6 mm2 and 10 × 10 mm2 SiPMs, housed in vacuum-sealed TO packages, cooled to −15 °C and −36 °C, respectively. They integrate front-end amplifiers and temperature controllers, being very useful instruments for TD-DO and other biological and physical applications. The signal extraction from the SiPM was improved. The noise is reduced by more than two orders of magnitude compared to the room temperature level. The full suitability of the proposed detectors for TD-DO measurements is outside the scope of this work, but preliminary tests were performed analyzing the shape and the stability of the Instrument Response Function. The proposed modules are thus fundamental building blocks to push the TD-DO towards deeper investigations inside the body.

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Section: Performance Of 6 × 6 MM 2 Sipm Modulesmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Sipm Modules Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Photon Detection Module Based on Large-Area Silicon Photomultipliers for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

et al. 2021

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“…The DCR is around 80 kcps/mm 2 (kilocounts per second per 1 mm 2 active area) at 20°C, with 38 V bias, i.e., 5.8 V excess bias. At the same bias, the afterpulsing probability (measured as in [16]) is in the order of a few percent [19]. More details on the module electronic design and characterization can be found in Ref.…”

Section: A Detector Module Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a 6 × 6 mm² SiPM Module for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

Behera

Acerbi

Gola

et al. 2022

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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In this work we present a detector module based on large-area silicon photomultiplier, whose design has been optimized for time-domain diffuse optics measurements. In this application, to the best of our knowledge, it represents the largest area detector ever demonstrated, with expected breakthrough performance in terms of scattered light harvesting efficiency. It has been characterized using widely adopted protocols for performance assessment of instruments. We demonstrate the superior light harvesting capability and improved depth sensitivity, which can reach 4 cm. Moreover, the retrieval of optical properties has been demonstrated to be linear and with sufficient accuracy in the range corresponding to the human tissues. As a first step toward clinical application, we first performed in-vivo measurement at very large source-detector distances to show the suitability of the realized detector to tackle new challenges like lung or heart optical monitoring as well as imaging of deep cerebral function.

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“…In contrast to the widely used Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs), SiPMs are low-voltage powered, optimal for operation at cryogenic temperatures, and have low radioactivity [ 1 ]. Moreover, SiPMs have excellent Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE), not only in the visible and infrared wavelength range, but also for Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) wavelengths [ 2 ]. For these reasons, SiPMs are the baseline solution in the DUNE experiment [ 3 ], aiming at precise neutrino oscillation measurements, the DarkSide-20k experiment searching for dark matter [ 4 , 5 ], and the nEXO neutrinoless double-beta decay search experiment [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1. Summary of the SiPM specification whose secondary photon emission is studied in this work [2,6]. The Fill Factor is defined as the ratio between the photon-sensitive area to the total area of the SiPM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of SiPM Photon Emission in the Dark

McLaughlin

Gallina

Retière

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this paper, we report on the photon emission of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) from avalanche pulses generated in dark conditions, with the main objective of better understanding the associated systematics for next-generation, large area, SiPM-based physics experiments. A new apparatus for spectral and imaging analysis was developed at TRIUMF and used to measure the light emitted by the two SiPMs considered as photo-sensor candidates for the nEXO neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment: one Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) VUV-HD Low Field (LF) Low After Pulse (Low AP) (VUV-HD3) SiPM and one Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) VUV4 Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC). Spectral measurements of their light emissions were taken with varying over-voltage in the wavelength range of 450–1020 nm. For the FBK VUV-HD3, at an over-voltage of 12.1±1.0 V, we measured a secondary photon yield (number of photons (γ) emitted per charge carrier (e−)) of (4.04±0.02)×10−6γ/e−. The emission spectrum of the FBK VUV-HD3 contains an interference pattern consistent with thin-film interference. Additionally, emission microscopy images (EMMIs) of the FBK VUV-HD3 show a small number of highly localized regions with increased light intensity (hotspots) randomly distributed over the SiPM surface area. For the HPK VUV4 MPPC, at an over-voltage of 10.7±1.0 V, we measured a secondary photon yield of (8.71±0.04)×10−6γ/e−. In contrast to the FBK VUV-HD3, the emission spectra of the HPK VUV4 did not show an interference pattern—likely due to a thinner surface coating. The EMMIs of the HPK VUV4 also revealed a larger number of hotspots compared to the FBK VUV-HD3, especially in one of the corners of the device. The photon yield reported in this paper may be limited if compared with the one reported in previous studies due to the measurement wavelength range, which is only up to 1020 nm.

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FBK VUV-sensitive Silicon Photomultipliers for cryogenic temperatures

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Single-Photon Detection Module Based on Large-Area Silicon Photomultipliers for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

Single-Photon Detection Module Based on Large-Area Silicon Photomultipliers for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

Performance of a 6 × 6 mm² SiPM Module for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

Characterisation of SiPM Photon Emission in the Dark

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FBK VUV-sensitive Silicon Photomultipliers for cryogenic temperatures

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Single-Photon Detection Module Based on Large-Area Silicon Photomultipliers for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

Single-Photon Detection Module Based on Large-Area Silicon Photomultipliers for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

Performance of a 6 × 6 mm2 SiPM Module for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics

Characterisation of SiPM Photon Emission in the Dark

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Performance of a 6 × 6 mm² SiPM Module for Time-Domain Diffuse Optics