FDJS03 Isolates Causing an Outbreak of Aseptic Meningitis in China That Evolved from a Distinct Echovirus 30 Lineage Imported from Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States

Epidemiological survey of enterovirus infections occurring in Taiwan between 2000 and 2005: Analysis of sentinel physician surveillance data

“…The E30 peak in Taiwan 2001 was close in time with E30 outbreaks observed in several countries since 1998 including nearby Japan and China Oberste et al, 1999a;Savolainen et al, 2001;Palacios et al, 2002;Kuramitsu et al, 2005;Zhao et al, 2005]. Recent studies analyzed E30 from 2001 in Taiwan and 2003 in China along with strains worldwide, and found that genetic recombination with other HEV-B strains, such E4, may have given rise to novel E30 variants in the two epidemics [Zhao et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2007]. Phylogenetic analyses in other parts of world also found that related E11 and of E30 variants that were circulating in different countries during the same period were likely derived from a common ancestor and recombination was important to the production of new variants [Chevaliez et al, 2004;Mirand et al, 2007].…”

Complete Genome Analysis of Coxsackievirus A2, A4, A5, and A10 Strains Isolated from Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Patients in China Revealing Frequent Recombination of Human Enterovirus A

“…Analyses of complete genomes for all prototype strains of HEV-B species suggested that RNA recombination is a common evolutionary event resulting in mosaic enteroviruses and that recombination usually occurs within noncapid regions (P2, P3) of the genome (28). Many other studies have demonstrated that natural genetic recombination among cocirculating HEV-B viruses is frequent (16,20,30,52). While many recombinant enteroviruses have been observed in isolates derived from vaccine polioviruses and cocirculating HEV-C viruses, as well as from naturally circulating wild-type HEV-B viruses, fewer examples of recombinant HEV-A viruses have been described (12,29,49).…”

Transmission Networks and Population Turnover of Echovirus 30

“…In terms of their geographical extents, these observations are consistent with previous observations of largescale emergence and turnover of E30 variants identified as separate lineages in VP1 in samples from the United States (37) and Europe (49) and with detection of related viruses in isolates from widely separated countries. These include China and Japan (1), Western Russia and surrounding countries with Far Eastern Russia and Taiwanese variants (27,61), and perhaps Spain and Argentina (42). Despite the intervening geographical bloc of Asia, which harbors different E30 populations from those circulating in Europe, the similarity in RF distributions between Australia and Europe in 2000 provides further evidence for very long-distance, rapid transmission of enteroviruses, in this case most likely through intercontinental air travel.…”