2017
DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027305
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FDTD Modeling of LEMP Propagation in the Earth‐Ionosphere Waveguide With Emphasis on Realistic Representation of Lightning Source

Abstract: The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method in the 2‐D cylindrical coordinate system was used to compute the nearly full‐frequency‐bandwidth vertical electric field and azimuthal magnetic field waveforms produced on the ground surface by lightning return strokes. The lightning source was represented by the modified transmission‐line model with linear current decay with height, which was implemented in the FDTD computations as an appropriate vertical phased‐current‐source array. The conductivity of atmosphe… Show more

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Cited by 12 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…The Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) approach (Yee, 1966) has been widely used for calculating lightning electromagnetic fields generated at different distances from as close as tens/hundreds of meters (Baba & Rakov, 2007a;Mimouni et al, 2008) to as far as hundreds to thousands of kilometers (Berenger, 2005;Tran et al, 2017). The FDTD approach is often employed as a reference method to validate approximate expressions proposed for the computation of lightning electromagnetic fields (e.g., Khosravi-Farsani et al, 2013;Shoory et al, 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) approach (Yee, 1966) has been widely used for calculating lightning electromagnetic fields generated at different distances from as close as tens/hundreds of meters (Baba & Rakov, 2007a;Mimouni et al, 2008) to as far as hundreds to thousands of kilometers (Berenger, 2005;Tran et al, 2017). The FDTD approach is often employed as a reference method to validate approximate expressions proposed for the computation of lightning electromagnetic fields (e.g., Khosravi-Farsani et al, 2013;Shoory et al, 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the past 30 years, a number of models and methods have been developed to study the lightning discharge interaction with the lower ionosphere. Different full‐wave theoretical approaches have been used, such as the wave‐hop (ray theory) method (Jacobson et al, , ; Qin et al, ; Shao and Jacobson, ), the waveguide mode theory (Budden, ; Cheng and Cummer, ; Cummer et al, ), or numerical methods such as the Finite‐Difference‐Time‐Domain (FDTD) method (Azadifar et al, ; Han et al, ; Hu and Cummer, ; Marshall, ; Tran et al, ) and the full‐wave Finite Element Method (Lehtinen and Inan, ; Lehtinen and Inan, ). Although empirical models such as the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model (Bilitza and Reinisch, ) and the semiempirical FIRI model based on radio wave propagation data from rocket soundings (Friedrich and Torkar, ) could provide the specification of the ionosphere parameters at a given time and location, to simplify the calculation, most VLF remote sensing studies make use of the two‐parameter profile introduced by Wait and Spies () consisting of the reference height h0 and the steepness q to infer the ionospheric parameters.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, for simplicity and computational efficiency, most models and methods have been simplified. Some studies ignore the effect of the Earth curvature (Aoki et al, 2015;Tran et al, 2017); others consider the effect of the Earth curvature based on the correction algorithm and full-wave ray theory over the spherical Earth (Hu and Cummer, 2006;Jacobson et al, 2018Jacobson et al, , 2009Qin et al, 2017;Shao and Jacobson, 2009) or use a staircase approximation of the curved surface of the Earth (Tran et al, 2018). Most studies considered the effect of the ground conductivity by assuming a homogeneous finitely conducting smooth ground (Aoki et al, 2015;Hu and Cummer, 2006;Qin et al, 2017;Shao et al, 2013;Tran et al, 2018).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, the PDE model that was initially used for solving the radio waves within the stratified ionosphere (Nagano et al, 1975;Pitteway, 1965) has been recently extended to whole space to investigate the wave distributions in EIWG when a lightning sferic propagates through the ionosphere (Lehtinen & Inan, 2009;Nagano et al, 2003). More recently, numerical models based on finite difference time domain (FDTD; Hu & Cummer, 2006;Marshall, 2012) and finite difference frequency domain (Marshall et al, 2017;Tran et al, 2017) techniques have been developed for estimating the full-wave property of radio source transmission in EIWG in either two-dimensioncylindrical or three-dimension-spherical manners. VLF/LF radio wave transmission is heavily influenced by the state of the bottom of the lower ionosphere, which is known as the ionospheric D (daytime) or E (nighttime) region.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%