Fe₃O₄–SiO₂ Mesoporous Core/Shell Nanoparticles for Magnetic Field-Induced Ibuprofen-Controlled Release

Abstract

Hybrid magnetic nanoparticles made up of an iron oxide, Fe 3 O 4 , core and a mesoporous SiO 2 shell with high magnetization and a large surface area were proposed as an efficient drug delivery platform. The core/shell structure was synthesized by two seed-mediated growth steps combining solvothermal and sol−gel approaches and using organic molecules as a porous scaffolding template. The system presents a mean particle diameter of 30( 5) nm (9 nm magnetic core diameter and 10 nm silica shell thickness) with superparamagnetic behavior, saturation magnetization of 32 emu/g, and a significant AC magnetic-field-induced heating response (SAR = 63 W/g Fed 3 Od 4 , measured at an amplitude of 400 Oe and a frequency of 307 kHz). Using ibuprofen as a model drug, the specific surface area (231 m 2 /g) of the porous structure exhibits a high molecule loading capacity (10 wt %), and controlled drug release efficiency (67%) can be achieved using the external AC magnetic field for short time periods (5 min), showing faster and higher drug desorption compared to that of similar stimulus-responsive iron oxide-based nanocarriers. In addition, it is demonstrated that the magnetic fieldinduced drug release shows higher efficiency compared to that of the sustained release at fixed temperatures (47 and 53% for 37 and 42 °C, respectively), considering that the maximum temperature reached during the exposure to the magnetic field is well below (31 °C). Therefore, it can be hypothesized that short periods of exposure to the oscillating field induce much greater heating within the nanoparticles than in the external solution.

Magnetically activated 3D printable polylactic acid/polycaprolactone/magnetite composites for magnetic induction heating generation

“…6). However, for other types of applications, such as controlled drug release [27], heterogeneous catalysis [33], water electrolysis [34], gas capture [35], or materials synthesis [77], the inductive heating generated falls on the necessity to overcome these limitations. Therefore, in these cases, filaments with high ρ as those as the magnetic composites herein presented can be envisaged as novel heat generators based on easy and low-cost manufacturing for FDM 3D printing technology.…”

“…In general, the most commonly used superparamagnetic NPs for the preparation of magnetic CMs are those based on iron oxides [2]. Interestingly, these superparamagnetic nanostructures have been extensively applied in several technological areas with special emphasis on biomedical applications [25][26][27]. In this aim, superparamagnetic NPs are proposed as contrast agents, image tracers, or local drug carriers due to their high biocompatibility, high magnetic response, and low-cost [28][29][30].…”

“…Although a few works have studied the possibility to manufacture composites for heat generation, they are based on much more expensive polymers or ceramic materials [16,37,[37][38][39]. On the other hand, studies of PLA + Fe 3 O 4 [27], PCL + Fe 3 O 4 [28], and PLA + PCL [29] can be found in the literature, but the PLA + PCL + Fe 3 O 4 ternary composite for heat generation is the first time reported in literature.…”

Magnetically-activated 3D printable PLA/PCL/Fe 3 O 4 composites for magnetic induction heating generation

“…6). However, for other types of applications, such as controlled drug release [62], heterogeneous catalysis [23], water electrolysis [24], gas capture [25] or materials synthesis [63], the inductive heating generated falls on the necessity to overcome these limitations.…”

Carbon-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Promote Reductive Stress-Mediated Cytotoxic Autophagy in Drug-Induced Senescent Breast Cancer Cells

“…Surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), such as magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) NPs, in the form of multifunctional nanoplatforms and/or biocompatible core–shell nanostructures, are powerful theranostic tools with numerous biomedical applications, for example, bioimaging, biosensing, drug and gene delivery, and hyperthermia. − However, uncontrolled release of ferric iron from Fe 3 O 4 NPs may promote the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and related toxicity in biological systems that can be considered as a double-edged sword with detrimental effects in normal cells and tissues and, if programmed, therapeutic effects against cancer cells and solid tumors. − It is widely accepted that oxidative stress, a result of increased production of ROS and/or diminution in the antioxidant defense system ( e.g. , decreased levels of antioxidants, decreased functionality of antioxidant transcription factors), may promote oxidative damage to biomolecules that may be associated with the initiation and progression of human pathologies, such as age-related diseases, namely, neurogenerative and cardiovascular disorders and cancer .…”