“…This is despite evidence from several systematic reviews suggesting that: PWID who receive OST have less than half the risk of HIV infection compared with PWID not on OST (MacArthur et al, 2012); OST is associated with greater adherence to ART (Malta, Magnanini, Strathdee, & Bastos, 2010); OST is associated with reductions in illicit opioid use, injecting behaviour, and sharing of injection equipment (Gowing, Farrell, Bornemann, Sullivan, & Ali, 2011); and OST is associated with a reduction by more than half in all-cause mortality among PWID (Degenhardt et al, 2011). These international findings have also been confirmed in studies conducted specifically in Ukraine (Bachireddy et al, 2013; Lawrinson et al, 2008; Schaub, Chtenguelov, Subata, Weiler, & Uchtenhagen, 2010; Schaub, Subata, Chtenguelov, Weiler, & Uchtenhagen, 2009). Additionally, modelling data suggesting that expanding harm reduction services, including OST, and access to ART are the most cost-effective methods of controlling the HIV epidemic in Ukraine (Alistar, Owens, & Brandeau, 2011).…”