Feasibility of reduced iron species for promoting Li and Co recovery from spent LiCoO2 batteries using a mixed-culture bioleaching process

A Review of Recovering Lithium and Cobalt from Spent LiCoO2 Lithium‐Ion Batteries Cathode

“…It was observed by Zeng that copper catalysis improved the leaching rate by two times than which without catalysis which avoids using traditional high cost metals catalysis such as Ag, Bi, Ru [169] . Besides, 100 % of Li and 99 % of Co were leached out by mixed culture of acidithiobacillus caldus and sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans with Fe 2+ as reductant [170] . Wu's study found that by using pyrite as the energy source, bacteria produces sulfuric acid by oxidation to facilitate leaching process of spent LiCoO 2 and the optimal recovery of Li and Co reach 100 % and 99.3 %.…”

“…Liao compared and analyzed the effect of Fe 2 + and Fe 0 on the bioleaching process and revealed their underlying mechanisms. [79] Both Li and Co leaching efficiency were improved attributed by Fe 2 + . Fe 2 + can not only provide electrons to promote bacterial growth but also can be used as a reductant.…”

“…[169] Besides, 100 % of Li and 99 % of Co were leached out by mixed culture of acidithiobacillus caldus and sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans with Fe 2 + as reductant. [170] Wu's study found that by using pyrite as the energy source, bacteria produces sulfuric acid by oxidation to facilitate leaching process of spent LiCoO 2 and the optimal recovery of Li and Co reach 100 % and 99.3 %. Although the green and innovated method the biometallurgy is, its disadvantages of long reaction time and difficult in applying at the commercial scales hinder its development these years.…”

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

“…[84][85][86] Biological metallurgy, which can be classified as hydrometallurgy in nature, is technology involving the separation and extraction of some insoluble components from cathode materials by oxidation, reduction, complexation, adsorption or dissolution of specific microorganisms or their metabolites. [87][88][89][90][91][92] The leaching reaction kinetic permit model includes chemical reaction control, diffusion process control and mixing control models, which are described by eqn (3), ( 4) and ( 5), respectively. The activation energy of leaching reaction of metal ions can be calculated using eqn (6).…”

“…84–86 Biological metallurgy, which can be classified as hydrometallurgy in nature, is technology involving the separation and extraction of some insoluble components from cathode materials by oxidation, reduction, complexation, adsorption or dissolution of specific microorganisms or their metabolites. 87–92 The leaching reaction kinetic permit model includes chemical reaction control, diffusion process control and mixing control models, which are described by eqn (3), (4) and (5), respectively. The activation energy of leaching reaction of metal ions can be calculated using eqn (6). k = A e − E a / RT where x is the leaching efficiency of metals, A is the frequency factor, k stands for the reaction rate constant, R denotes the universal gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature, and E a is the apparent activation energy (kJ mol −1 ).…”