Features of Pathobiology and Clinical Translation of Approved Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019

Abstract

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the most important etiological agent of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with millions of infections and deaths in the last two years worldwide. Several reasons and parameters are responsible for the difficult management of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients; the first is virus behavioral factors such as high transmission rate, and the different molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis remain a matter of controversy, is another factor. Summary: In the present review, we attempted to explain about features of SARS-COV-2, particularly focusing on the various aspects of pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Key Messages: We note evidence for the understanding of the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, which can help design the appropriate drug or vaccine. Additionally, and importantly, we reported the updated issues associated with the history and development of treatment strategies such as, drugs, vaccines, and other medications that have been approved or under consideration in clinics and markets worldwide.

Development of a robust TaqMan probe-based one-step multiplex RT-qPCR for Simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/B viruses

“…Mostly, researchers have designed RT-qPCR primers on various targets of SARS-CoV-2 genome including S, N, E, and RdRp genes [11,19]. To compare the effect of amplicon features on the RT-qPCR detection ability in previous studies with the N-gene fragment of the present study.…”

“…In light of this fact, designing and developing an in-house made one-step multiplex RT-qPCR can help diagnose and accurately differentiate SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses to manage COVID-19 patients and reduce time and cost. The multiplex RT-qPCR is considered one of the best methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and in uenza viruses in clinical samples using several primers and probes, which bind different targets to amplify it speci cally [11][12][13]. In this study, we aimed to develop a robust method for a low-cost and time-consuming procedure for detection and differentiation the SARS-CoV-2 and in uenza A/B, and consequently, speci c and timely treatment of patients, and also highlighted the pitfalls of our one-step multiplex RT-qPCR.…”

A Retrospective Analysis of Morbidity and Mortality in the Captive Leadbeater's Possum (Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri) Population From 1970 to 2021

“…Stress (resulting in inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion via corticosteroids), low dietary zinc, and age-related senescence can cause testicular degeneration. 9,23 As some of the male and female possums entering the breeding program were thought to have bred prior to collection, there may be some component of captivity responsible for male infertility (such as suboptimal diet or inadequate zinc levels). 8,39 This study is limited to the existence of, and access to, medical and necropsy records.…”

The Effect of Zinc, Shell, and Fishbone Supplementations on Comb Width and Length of Bangkok Rooster

“…Studies show that zinc has several roles in male reproduction. Zinc deficiency causes several disorders, including reproductive diseases and infertility [7][8][9]. Furthermore, zinc has caused aromatase suppression and testosterone elevation in animals [2,10,11].…”