Features of Silicon Photo Multipliers: Precision Measurements of Noise, Cross-Talk, Afterpulsing, Detection Efficiency

Finocchiaro, P.; Pappalardo, A.; Coséntino, L.; Belluso, M.; Billotta, S.; Bonanno, G.; Mauro, S. Di

doi:10.1109/tns.2009.2014308

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Typically, the crosstalk is almost instantaneous responses of pixels surrounding the primary one due to a secondary photon emission from an avalanche area, and the afterpulsing is a delayed response of the same pixel due to de-trapping of avalanche electrons. These correlated stochastic processes result in dramatic changes in statistics of detected events: a number of counts become a non-Poissonian random variable and a time interval between counts deviates from a single-exponential distribution of Poisson processes, as observed, for example, in [5], especially for Hamamatsu MPPCs. R&Ds of correlated process models, probability distributions, statistical moments as well as associated excess noises are very challenging and highly demanded work in order to utilize a full potential of SiPM technology in a photon-number-resolving detection.…”

Section: Correlated Noise: Crosstalk and Afterpulsingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Vinogradov¹

2016

Proceedings of International Conference on New Photo-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet2015)

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Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a novel generation of photon detectors designed as an array of independently operated Geiger-mode APDs (pixels) with common output. SiPM provides proportional detection of low-level light pulses starting from single photons with remarkable photon number and time resolution at room temperature. Now they are worldwide recognized to be competitive with vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for scintillation and Cherenkov light detections in such areas as particle physics and nuclear medicine. Well-known specific drawbacks of SiPMs are excess noises caused by stochastic processes of crosstalk and afterpulsing as well as non-linearity and saturation of SiPM response to intense light pulses due to limited number of pixels and noninstant pixel recovery.This study presents an analysis of SiPM performance based on probability distributions of the key stochastic processes affecting SiPM response: photo-conversion, dark generation, avalanche multiplication, crosstalk and afterpulsing, non-linearity and saturation losses. SiPM performance in photon number (energy) resolution is represented in terms of specific excess noise factors of these processes identified as comparable metrics of their contributions. SiPM time resolution is shown to be defined by photon number resolution and by temporal profiles of photon arrival and photon detection time distributions, and a single electron response.Analytical results of this approach are applied to compare a performance of the modern SiPMs with each other and with conventional PMTs and APDs in typical scintillation and Cherenkov detection applications. The results also seem to be useful for SiPM characterization, selection, and application-specific optimization as well as for SiPM design improvements.

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Section: Correlated Noise: Crosstalk and Afterpulsingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Vinogradov¹

2016

Proceedings of International Conference on New Photo-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet2015)

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“…The cuts were set according to the boundaries of the respective neutron and gamma distributions. The conditions for a scintillation to be classified as a neutron were: (3) and (4) Likewise, for the pulse to be classified as a gamma: (5) and (6) The calculated boundaries for the FB60035 stilbene detector are shown in Fig. 8.…”

Section: Neutron-gamma Discriminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutron-Gamma Pulse Shape Discrimination Using Organic Scintillators With Silicon Photomultiplier Readout

Preston

Eberhardt

Tickner

2014

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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Neutron/Gamma pulse shape discrimination (PSD) was measured using stilbene and EJ-299-34 plastic scintillators with readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The SiPM pulses were digitized and processed for energy and pulse shape information using a digital technique performing numerical weighted integrations on each pulse. A genetic algorithm (GA) was developed to optimize the weighting vectors used for the pulse shape discrimination. Efficient PSD was obtained down to an electron-equivalent energy of 127 keV with stilbene and 391 keV with the EJ-299-34 PSD plastic. Separation at lower energies was possible at reduced detection efficiency, down to 78 keV and 186 keV at 50% efficiency. The detectors were used to measure separated gamma and neutron spectra from an Americium-Beryllium neutron source and from a Na-22 gamma source. The GA-optimized weighted integration was compared with digital charge comparison (DCC). The GA exhibited slightly improved performance with a 400 MSps digitization rate and showed a significant advantage at sample rates below 100 MSps.

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“…(DC) [8]. The optical cross talk originates when the avalanche generated in a pixel triggers the avalanche in the closest pixels.…”

Section: A Detector Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CY5 fluorescence measured with silicon photomultipliers

Santangelo¹,

Cono

Vasquez

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) Proceedings

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This paper presents an efficient optical biosensor set up for a low-level light detection, using fluorescent dyes and a novel Si-based detector. Fluorescence emitted by a traditional fluorophore, CY5, widely used as optical label in DNA microarrays, was detected using a 25 pixels Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), a device formed by avalanche diodes operating in Geiger mode, in parallel connections. We measured the fluorescence current in different deposition (fluorophore concentration; solvent; salt concentration) and operation (angle of analysis, optical laser power, device gain) conditions. The characterization of DNA samples labeled with CY5 is also reported to demonstrate the detector potentiality to replace traditional optical readers commonly used in commercial devices.

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Features of Silicon Photo Multipliers: Precision Measurements of Noise, Cross-Talk, Afterpulsing, Detection Efficiency

Cited by 52 publications

References 26 publications

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Perfomance of Silicon Photomultipliers in photon number and time resolution

Neutron-Gamma Pulse Shape Discrimination Using Organic Scintillators With Silicon Photomultiplier Readout

CY5 fluorescence measured with silicon photomultipliers

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