Fecal ammonia, urea, volatile fatty acid and lactate levels in dairy cows and their pathophysiological significance during diarrhea

Satô, Hiroshi; Nakajima, Junko

doi:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2005.00309.x

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The concentrations of volatile fatty acids in this study are similar to results obtained in other studies [29]. Correlation analysis showed that a significant positive correlation was observed between the genus Stenotrophomonas and the levels of acetate, propionate, and TVFA (Figure 6).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The diversity of the fecal bacterial community and its relationship with the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the feces during subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows

et al. 2012

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BackgroundSub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a well-recognized digestive disorder found in particular in well-managed dairy herds. SARA can result in increased flow of fermentable substrates to the hindgut, which can increase the production of volatile fatty acids, alter the structure of the microbial community, and have a negative effect on animal health and productivity. However, little is known about changes in the structure of the microbial community and its relationship with fatty acids during SARA. Four cannulated primiparous (60 to 90 day in milk) Holstein dairy cows were assigned to two diets in a 2 × 2 crossover experimental design. The diets contained (on a dry matter basis): 40% (control diet, COD) and 70% (SARA induction diet, SAID) concentrate feeds. Samples of ruminal fluid and feces were collected on day 12, 15, 17 and 21 of the treatment period, and the pH was measured in the ruminal and fecal samples; the fecal microbiota was determined by pyrosequencing analysis of the V1–V3 region of amplified 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA).ResultsSAID decreased ruminal and fecal pH and increased the propionate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration in feces when compared with the COD. A barcoded DNA pyrosequencing method was used to generate 2116 16S operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A total of 11 phyla were observed, distributed amongst all cattle on both diets; however, only 5 phyla were observed in all animals regardless of dietary treatment, and considerable animal to animal variation was revealed. The average abundance and its range of the 5 phyla were as follows: Firmicutes (63.7%, 29.1–84.1%), Proteobacteria (18.3%, 3.4–46.9%), Actinobacteria (6.8%, 0.4–39.9%), Bacteroidetes (7.6%, 2.2–17.7%) and Tenericutes (1.6%, 0.3–3%). Feeding the SAID resulted in significant shifts in the structure of the fecal microbial community when compared with the traditional COD. Among the 2116 OTUs detected in the present study, 88 OTUs were affected significantly by diet; and the proportion of these OTUs was 20.6% and 17.4% among the total number of sequences, respectively. Among the OTUs affected, the predominant species, including OTU2140 (G: Turicibacter), OTU1695 (G: Stenotrophomonas) and OTU8143 (F: Lachnospiraceae), were increased, while the abundance of OTU1266 (S: Solibacillus silvestris) and OTU2022 (G: Lysinibacillus) was reduced in the SAID group compared with the COD. Further, our results indicated that the fecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were significantly related to presence of some certain species of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the feces.ConclusionsThis is, to our knowledge, the first study that has used barcoded DNA pyrosequencing to survey the fecal microbiome of dairy cattle during SARA. Our results suggest that particular bacteria and their metabolites in the feces appear to contribute to differences in host health between those given SAID and traditional COD feeding. A better understanding of these microbial populations will allow for improved nutrient managem...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The diversity of the fecal bacterial community and its relationship with the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the feces during subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows

et al. 2012

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“…The centrifuged (2500 g , 10 min) supernatant of the extract was frozen at −30°C until analysis. Lactate and VFAs were analyzed as described previously (Sato & Nakajima 2005). Methanol, ethanol, and i‐ and n ‐propanol of the extracts were determined using a gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC 2014; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and a column packed with Thermon‐1000 (T‐88; Shinnwa‐kako, Kyoto, Japan).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal excretion of alcohols and organic anions in neonatal dairy calves

Satô

Shiogama

2009

Animal Science Journal

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To clarify colonic fermentation during the perinatal period, 22 dairy calves less than 6 weeks old were used. They were given a milk replacer following colostrum feeding. A total 100 samples of normal feces including meconium were collected from the rectum of the calves. Fecal pH, alcohols, lactate and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were analyzed. Higher ethanol and n-propanol concentrations were found in many fecal samples particularly in the first 2 weeks after birth, but these metabolites showed consistently lower concentrations thereafter. By contrast, higher concentrations of methanol were observed in some samples for all ages examined. Fecal VFA increased abruptly within a few days of birth, and mainly consisted of acetate and n-butyrate. During the first 2 weeks, the proportion of n-butyrate in VFAs decreased and that of propionate increased gradually. Proportions of VFAs were almost stable at 3-6 weeks of age (acetate, propionate and n-butyrate in increasing order). Higher concentrations of lactate and lower pHs were observed in the fecal samples during the first 2 weeks, and concentrations decreased thereafter. Accelerated colonic production of ethanol and n-propanol was confirmed during the early 2 weeks, in addition to organic acid fermentation as reported previously.

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“…Gas chromatography was also used for analysis of VFAs using crotonic acid as an internal standard. Ammonia and lactate were analyzed by colorimetry using the indophenol reaction and Barker-Summerson method [10], respectively.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal Trimethylamine, Lactate and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations and Their Relationships with Diarrhea in Newborn Dairy Calves

Satô

2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. To clarify the significance of fecal trimethylamine, lactate and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in fermentative development of the hindgut in neonatal calves and the occurrence of diarrhea, 143 fecal samples (47 diarrheic, 93 normal and 3 meconium) were collected from 58 dairy calves fed milk. An additional 20 fecal samples were obtained from 10 weaned calves aged 13 to 18 weeks. Fecal pH, trimethylamine, ammonia, lactate and VFAs were analyzed. Compared with weaned calves, the trimethylamine level was higher in milkfed calves and was associated with a large number of cases of diarrhea, but it had little relationship with the fecal ammonia level. Feces collected from the youngest (<2 weeks age) calves were more acidic and were associated with a higher lactate concentration. Lactic fermentation and fecal acidity were tremendously accelerated, particularly in diarrhea. Despite large fluctuations, the VFA concentrations were lower in diarrheic than in normal feces. In diarrheic feces at the youngest stage, the lower proportion of n-butyrate in the VFAs was accompanied by the elevated proportion of acetate. However, the fermentative differences between the diarrheic and normal feces were less apparent with advancing age. Thus, the fecal lactate and VFA profiles revealed marked changes with advancing age and suffering from diarrhea. Upon comparison with weaned calves, the trimethylamine level was clearly higher in the milk-fed calves and showed huge elevations in diarrheic cases.KEY WORDS: calf feces, colonic lactate, diarrhea, fecal trimethylamine, fecal VFA.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(12): 1551-1555, 2010 Unlike adult ruminants, newborn calves depend on the colon rather than the rumen (forestomach) for digestive fermentation because they obtain most of their nutrients from milk feeding as opposed to solid food [1]. For this reason, they are therefore called hindgut animals or preruminants during the neonatal period involving milk feeding [1,2]. Thus, the colon is the primary site of early microbial colonization in these calves, although their gut flora remains immature at this life stage [2]. Nutrients that escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine undergo largebowel fermentation, which is accompanied by the production of lactate, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), gas and nitrogenous intermediates such as trimethylamine. The physiological significance of VFAs and lactate in gut health has received considerable attention in humans [7,15,16] and animal nutrition [16,18] during the last few decades. In addition, trimethylamine, which is a degenerative product of intestinal bacteria, is often associated with foul odors in the atmosphere and also has significance in nutritional, clinical and malodor characterization in healthy humans [13,21]. Aside from the air pollution resulting from excess trimethylamine production in the livestock industry [20], little attention has been focused on trimethylamine formation in the gut and its clinical significance in dairy and beef cattle. The aims of this comparative study, ...

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Fecal ammonia, urea, volatile fatty acid and lactate levels in dairy cows and their pathophysiological significance during diarrhea

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

The diversity of the fecal bacterial community and its relationship with the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the feces during subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows

The diversity of the fecal bacterial community and its relationship with the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the feces during subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows

Fecal excretion of alcohols and organic anions in neonatal dairy calves

Fecal Trimethylamine, Lactate and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations and Their Relationships with Diarrhea in Newborn Dairy Calves

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