Fecal microbial communities of healthy adult dogs fed raw meat-based diets with or without inulin or yeast cell wall extracts as assessed by 454 pyrosequencing

Abstract

Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding raw meat-based diets with or without inulin or yeast cell wall extract (YCW) on fecal microbial communities of dogs using 454 pyrosequencing. Six healthy female adult beagles (5.5 ± 0.5 years; 8.5 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly assigned to six test diets using a Latin square design: (1) beef control; (2) beef + 1.4% inulin; (3) beef + 1.4% YCW; (4) chicken control; (5) chicken + 1.4% inulin; and (6) chicken + 1.4% YCW. Following 14 days of adaptation, fresh fecal samples were collected on day 15 or day 16 of each period. Fecal genomic DNA was extracted and used to create 16S rRNA gene amplicons, which were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing and qPCR. Predominant fecal bacterial phyla included Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Beef-based diets increased (P < 0.05) Escherichia, but decreased (P < 0.05) Anaerobiospirillum vs. chicken-based diets. Inulin decreased (P < 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae. Inulin increased (P < 0.05) Megamonas vs. control. Inulin also decreased (P < 0.05) Escherichia vs. YCW. qPCR data showed that YCW increased (P < 0.05) Bifidobacterium vs. inulin and control and inulin increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus vs. YCW. Although a few changes in fecal microbiota were observed with inulin or YCW consumption, a strong prebiotic effect was not observed.

The Utilisation of Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Dogs

“…However, the phyla Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Verruco-microbia, Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi have also been identified. In the study by Beloshapka et al (2013), predominant bacterial families in adult beagles fed raw meat-based diets included Fusobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Bacteroidaceae and predominant genera included Fusobacterium, Cetobacterium, Clostridium, and Bacteroides. Moreover, the canine intestine also hosts nonbacterial microorganisms.…”

“…Thanks to more recent studies making use of molecular identification methods (Suchodolski et al, 2009;Middelbos et al, 2010;Handl et al, 2011;Suchodolski, 2011;Swanson et al, 2011;Beloshapka et al, 2013), hundreds of phylotypes have been identified in the intestine of the dog. The phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria account for over 99% of the bacterial species harboured in the intestine of dogs.…”

“…In another study with adult dogs (Middelbos et al, 2007b), a yeast cell wall preparation fed at different levels of inclusion (0.5, 2.5, 4.5 and 6.5 g/kg of diet) as a source of MOS linearly reduced faecal counts of E. coli (-0.9 log10 CFU/g of feacal DM in dogs receiving 6.5 g/kg of yeast cell wall). Beloshapka et al (2013) investigated the effect of inulin (14 g/kg of diet) or a yeast cell wall extract (14 g/kg of diet) in adult dogs receiving raw meat-based diets [containing approximately per kg of diet 250 to 300 g of crude protein (CP) and 450 to 500 g of fat]. Administration of inulin resulted in lower faecal abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia and higher faecal lactobacilli while the yeast cell wall extract increased faecal bifidobacteria.…”

Bacterial communities of Beijing surface waters as revealed by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene

“…Molecular approaches, such as 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) clone libraries (Eichler et al 2006;Gihring et al 2012;Zhang et al 2013a) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) (Garrido et al 2014;González-Arenzana et al 2013;Sun et al 2013;Zhang et al 2013b), have greatly increased our comprehension of microbial communities, although these methods poorly represent the rare bacterial groups. In recent years, 454 pyrosequencing has been introduced as a next-generation sequencing method for revealing relatively detailed profiles of microbial communities (Beloshapka et al 2013;Jackson et al 2012). The main advantages of 454 pyrosequencing are a much lower cost per base, the omission of a plasmid cloning step, a large amount of sequence data per run, and long read lengths with an average of up to 400 bps (Glenn 2011;Margulies et al 2005).…”

A Meta-Analysis of Fecal Bacterial Diversity in Dogs

“…Middelbos et al [6] investigated the fecal bacterial communities of dogs fed diets with or without dietary fiber, whereas Garcia-Mazcorro et al [7] investigated the fecal bacterial communities of dogs fed diets with or without synbiotics. Beloshapka et al [8] used next-generation pyrosequencing to examine the effect of inulin or yeast cell wall extracts on the fecal bacterial communities of dogs. These three studies showed that diet greatly affected the fecal bacterial communities of dogs.…”