Fecal microbiota of horses in the clinical setting: Potential effects of penicillin and general anesthesia

Grønvold, Anne Mette R.; L’Abée-Lund, Trine M.; Strand, Eric; Sørum, Henning; Yannarell, Anthony C.; Mackie, Roderick I.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.023

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Equine bacterial community structure: hindgut v. faeces The strong individual effect observed, irrespective of the intestinal segment, confirmed the significant individual variation reported previously in equine gut contents using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (Faubladier et al, 2006), TRFLP (Schoster et al, 2013) or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses (Grønvold et al, 2010). This high inter-animal variation probably contributed to the low PCA axes discrimination (20% and 15%) observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Comparison of the bacterial community structure within the equine hindgut and faeces using Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA)

Sadet-Bourgeteau

Philippeau

Dequiedt

et al. 2014

Animal

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The horse's hindgut bacterial ecosystem has often been studied using faecal samples. However few studies compared both bacterial ecosystems and the validity of using faecal samples may be questionable. Hence, the present study aimed to compare the structure of the equine bacterial community in the hindgut (caecum, right ventral colon) and faeces using a fingerprint technique known as Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA). Two DNA extraction methods were also assessed. Intestinal contents and faeces were sampled 3 h after the morning meal on four adult fistulated horses fed meadow hay and pelleted concentrate. Irrespective of the intestinal segment, Principal Component Analysis of ARISA profiles showed a strong individual effect ( P < 0.0001). However, across the study, faecal bacterial community structure significantly ( P < 0.001) differed from those of the caecum and colon, while there was no difference between the two hindgut communities. The use of a QIAamp ® DNA Stool Mini kit increased the quality of DNA extracted irrespective of sample type. The differences observed between faecal and hindgut bacterial communities challenge the use of faeces as a representative for hindgut activity. Further investigations are necessary to compare bacterial activity between the hindgut and faeces in order to understand the validity of using faecal samples.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Comparison of the bacterial community structure within the equine hindgut and faeces using Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA)

Sadet-Bourgeteau

Philippeau

Dequiedt

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…Inter-individual variation in the horse digestive tract has been observed before, although not specifically tested [10], [20], [24]. A previous study that used T-RFLP only showed a limited grouping of samples by horse, however, there was reduced sampling frequency (weekly), coupled with changes in diet and the horses were in race training [25].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Strong Stability and Host Specific Bacterial Community in Faeces of Ponies

et al. 2013

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The horse, as a hindgut fermenter, is reliant on its intestinal bacterial population for efficient diet utilisation. However, sudden disturbance of this population can result in severe colic or laminitis, both of which may require euthanasia. This study therefore aimed to determine the temporal stability of the bacterial population of faecal samples from six ponies maintained on a formulated high fibre diet. Bacterial 16S rRNA terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analyses of 10 faecal samples collected from 6 ponies at regular intervals over 72 hour trial periods identified a significant pony-specific profile (P<0.001) with strong stability. Within each pony, a significantly different population was found after 11 weeks on the same diet (P<0.001) and with greater intra-individual similarity. Total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration increased in all ponies, but other changes (such as bacterial population diversity measures, individual major SCFA concentration) were significant and dependent on the individual. This study is the first to report the extent of stability of microbes resident in the intestinal tract as represented with such depth and frequency of faecal sampling. In doing so, this provides a baseline from which future trials can be planned and the extent to which results may be interpreted.

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“…The reduction in 16S rDNA gene copy number following treatment with flumequine might be the result of killing of pathogenic A. hydrophila and a disturbed and reduced commensal flora. In mammals and humans, it is well known that antibiotics can change the composition of the bacterial populations in the intestines [48-50]. Studies concerning the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates in zebrafish facilities are, however, limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of antibiotic treatments on the expression of the R plasmid tra genes and on the host innate immune activity during pRAS1 bearing Aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2012

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BackgroundThe transfer of R plasmids between bacteria has been well studied under laboratory conditions and the transfer frequency has been found to vary between plasmids and under various physical conditions. For the first time, we here study the expression of the selected plasmid mobility genes traD, virB11 and virD4 in the 45 kb IncU plasmid, pRAS1, conferring resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim and sulphonamide, using an in vivo zebrafish infection- treatment model.ResultsThree days after oral infection of adult zebrafish with Aeromonas hydrophila harboring pRAS1, elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF α, IL-1β and IL-8) and complement C3 genes in the intestine coincided with disease symptoms. Tetracycline, trimethoprim and an ineffective concentration of flumequine given 48 h prior to sampling, strongly increased expression of plasmid mobility genes, whereas an effective dosage of flumequine resulted in lower levels of mRNA copies of these genes relative to placebo treatment. Following effective treatment with flumequine, and ineffective treatments with a low concentration of flumequine, with trimethoprim or with sulphonamide, the intestinal expression of immune genes was strongly induced compared to placebo treated control fish.ConclusionsTreatment of zebrafish infected with an antibiotic resistant (TcR, TmR, SuR) A. hydrophila with ineffective concentrations of flumequine or the ineffective antimicrobials tetracycline and trimethoprim strongly induced expression of genes mediating conjugative transfer of the R-plasmid pRAS1. Simultaneously, there was a strong induction of selected inflammatory and immune response genes, which was again evident in fish subjected to ineffective treatment protocols. Our findings point to the essential role of therapeutic practices in escalation or control of antibiotic resistance transfer, and suggest that antibiotic substances, even in sub-inhibitory concentrations, may stimulate innate defenses against bacterial infections.

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Fecal microbiota of horses in the clinical setting: Potential effects of penicillin and general anesthesia

Cited by 32 publications

References 31 publications

Comparison of the bacterial community structure within the equine hindgut and faeces using Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA)

Comparison of the bacterial community structure within the equine hindgut and faeces using Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA)

Strong Stability and Host Specific Bacterial Community in Faeces of Ponies

Impact of antibiotic treatments on the expression of the R plasmid tra genes and on the host innate immune activity during pRAS1 bearing Aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

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