Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and the Brain Microbiota in Neurological Diseases

Ruggiero, Marco

doi:10.5946/ce.2016.098

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is worth noticing that inflammation of the deep cervical nodes may be associated with impaired lymphatic drainage from the brain lymphatic system (also known as "glymphatic system") with consequent stagnation of lymph in the brain and accumulation of metabolites and neurotoxins in addition to potential disruption of the brain microbiota. These events may be associated with, if not responsible for, some of the symptoms of neuroborreliosis, autism and other neurological diseases (Bradstreet et al, 2014;Ruggiero, 2016). Figure 3, shows the appearance of the vagus nerve in a subject who had tested positive with ART for parasympathetic imbalance.…”

Section: Description Of the Rk Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Conditions with Particular Focus on Lyme Disease

Klinghardt¹,

Ruggiero²

2017

American Journal of Immunology

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Abstract:Here we describe the Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol that is based on integration of Autonomic Response Testing (ART) with diagnostic ultrasonography and on application of therapeutic ultrasounds; the latter are used as a provocation tool and as an instrument to optimize drug uptake and utilization in specific areas of the body. This protocol consists of a precise sequence of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures with the ultimate goal of improving sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis at the same time evaluating and optimizing efficacy of treatments in chronic conditions including, but not limited to, persistent Lyme disease. The RK Protocol represents a paradigm shift in diagnostics and therapeutics: Thus, compartmentalized microbes, transformed cells, toxins and metabolites could be detected using a safe and non-invasive method. In addition, the RK Protocol allows optimization of efficacy of drugs and other therapeutic interventions. Although the RK Protocol was initially developed for persistent Lyme disease, it shows significant potential in conditions ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases and autism. In oncology, the RK Protocol may serve to facilitate early diagnosis and to increase sensitivity of cancer cells to the killing effects of a variety of remedies ranging from conventional radio-and chemotherapy to more recent forms of immunotherapy. Thus, the 1st goal of the RK Protocol is diagnostic: That is, to make pathogens, toxins, transformed cells and cells infected by viruses that are inaccessible to conventional diagnostic and therapeutic tools, "visible" to the therapist who can detect them with laboratory methods and deal with them with appropriate interventions; and also to make them "visible" to the immune system that can fight them in a physiological manner. The 2nd goal is to optimize drug uptake and utilization in the organs and tissues studied and targeted with these procedures.

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Section: Description Of the Rk Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Conditions with Particular Focus on Lyme Disease

Klinghardt¹,

Ruggiero²

2017

American Journal of Immunology

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“…Although the etiology of ASD is debated and still largely unclear (Yenkoyan et al, 2017;Geier et al, 2017), the pathogenesis seems to be associated with alterations of the immune system and neuro-inflammation. Thus, we recently hypothesized that infections or inflammation at the level of the deep cervical nodes lead to impaired lymphatic drainage from the brain lymphatic system with consequent stagnation of lymph in the brain, disruption of neuronal connections, accumulation of metabolites and toxicants, neuroinflammation and alterations of the brain intrinsic microbiota (Bradstreet et al, 2015;Ruggiero, 2016a). Because of the heterogeneity of the symptoms and the lack of certainty surrounding the cause(s), it is no surprise that the very existence of a standard of care for ASD is highly disputed and even reviews of systematic reviews fail to provide useful information that may help health providers working in the frontlines of this growing epidemics (Lyra et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Case Report of a Novel Immunotherapeutic Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorders based on an emulsion of Chondroitin Sulfate, Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Oleic Acid

Antonucci¹,

Pacini²,

Ruggiero³

2017

American Journal of Immunology

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In this clinical case report we describe the effects associated with the administration of a supplement constituted by chondroitin sulfate, vitamin D 3 and oleic acid (Rerum ®) on the symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). 44 patients (11 females and 33 males) were administered this supplement for a period of two months and variations of symptomatology were evaluated by the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I). 32 out of 44 subjects (73%), showed improvements in the two months of observation. In the group of female subjects, 9 out of 11 (81%) showed improvements and, among these, 6 out of 9 (66%) showed moderate to very considerable improvements. In the group of male subjects, 24 out of 33 (73%) showed improvements and, among these, 22 out of 24 (91%) showed moderate to very considerable improvements. We attribute these remarkable results to the effects of the supplement on the endocannabinoid system as it relates to neuro-inflammation and neuro-immune alterations.

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“…Given the bidirectional nature of the gut-brain axis theory [36], it is worth considering that the gradual loss of brain function may in turn reshape the gut microbiota, rather than the traditional theory that gut microbiota dysbiosis results in neuro-degeneration [37,38]. Interestingly Ruggiero et al argued that the concept of brain dysbiosis should be evaluated, together with the concept of gut dysbiosis [39]. Therefore the question worth exploring is whether dysbiosis of the gut microbiota occur before neuro-degeneration or compromises in the integrity of the brain and nervous system precede gut microbiota dysbiosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-uinform gut microbiota alteration patterns associated with therapeutic outcomes in an Alzheimer's disease animal model

Wang¹,

Amakye²,

Cao³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated with the progression of beta-amyloid (Aβ) pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We aimed to identify uniform Aβ-responsible gut microbiota status as possible guideline for gut microbiota manipulation and the prediction of outcomes of microbiota targeted treatments. Six months old APP/PS1 mice from the same genetic background, housing and feeding conditions were then daily gavage with Metformin, peptides WN5 or PW5 to manipulate the gut microbiota for 12 weeks. Aβ pathology and gut microbiota were then explored and compared. Results: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from a 16 month old APP/PS1 mouse reconstituted the gut microbiota towards the donor and increased Aβ pathology in APP/PS1 mouse model. Metformin, peptides WN5 and PW5 all attenuated Aβ-plaque formation in APP/PS1 mouse model but each was associated with distinct gut microbiota status. No uniform gut microbiota pattern associated with Aβ pathology was found among different gut microbiota-targeted treatments. Conclusion: We found no uniform gut microbiota status associated with Aβ pathology suggesting gut microbiota status is not a suitable biomarker for AD diagnosis and treatment predictions. Alteration of gut microbiota in itself may not be sufficiently directly related to functional outcomes and might only be a shadow of deeper molecular mechanisms not fully understood. The findings here strongly suggested that the significance of gut microbiota alteration in disease pathology and treatment may have so far been over claimed and that interpretation of gut microbiota data should be done with utmost caution.

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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and the Brain Microbiota in Neurological Diseases

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

The Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Conditions with Particular Focus on Lyme Disease

The Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Conditions with Particular Focus on Lyme Disease

Clinical Case Report of a Novel Immunotherapeutic Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorders based on an emulsion of Chondroitin Sulfate, Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Oleic Acid

Non-uinform gut microbiota alteration patterns associated with therapeutic outcomes in an Alzheimer's disease animal model

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