Feedback Control for Transportation of Magnetic Fluids With Minimal Dispersion: A First Step Toward Targeted Magnetic Drug Delivery

Model-based optimized steering and focusing of local magnetic particle concentrations for targeted drug delivery

“…For a petri dish with a ferrofluid, the no-flux boundary condition n Á ðj D þ j A Þ ¼ 0, where n represents the normal outwards to the domain at the edge @X, means that no particle can cross the boundary and the total particle mass in the domain X is constant. This corresponds to n Á ðDrc À vcÞ ¼ 0 (Komaee, 2017). This problem can be solved numerically using finite elements or finite differencing techniques.…”

“…These decisions are based on the minimization of a so-called cost function containing metrics of interest such as particle movement time, energy consumption, particle spreading, etc. Reported control strategies have treated the guiding or steering of single particles or droplets (Probst et al, 2011;Komaee & Shapiro, 2012;Khalil et al, 2016) and distributed ferrofluids by means of electromagnets (Shapiro, 2009;Komaee, 2017;Antil et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2020). An in-depth review of many prior magnetic drug targeting solutions with a focus on control systems for magnetic fluids was provided by Nacev et al in 2012(Nacev et al, 2012.…”

“…An in-depth review of many prior magnetic drug targeting solutions with a focus on control systems for magnetic fluids was provided by Nacev et al in 2012(Nacev et al, 2012. Regarding the control of distributed ferrofluids, methods have been proposed to concentrate particles at a certain point, either by choosing or rotating magnetic fields until particles are focused at the destination (Shapiro, 2009;Liu et al, 2020), or by moving the ferrofluid from the initial to the final point along a straight line (Nacev et al, 2012) or a chosen curve (Komaee, 2017) while minimizing the spreading of the particles and dissipated energy. Most of these methods only provide optimal results that are local in time, in the sense that they optimize for the current distributions at that time instant and do not account for future ferrofluid behavior, making their control algorithms less accurate and efficient.…”

Haptic-Based Manipulation Scheme of Magnetic Nanoparticles in a Multi-Branch Blood Vessel for Targeted Drug Delivery

“…However, precise steering of several nanoparticles has more difficulties than that of a single particle due to their dispersions during manipulation. Optimal feedback control of the distributed nanoparticles is discussed in [ 15 , 16 ]. The location of most blood vessels, the blood flow velocities of vessels, and many other biological factors are not identified in general or for each person [ 15 ].…”

“…Beyond many issues caused by the complexities and variations of the human body, the performance of the autonomous control in a targeted drug delivery systems is also restricted by the natural tendency of the magnetic fields to disperse magnetic particles moving under applied forces. This actuation issue gradually decreases the concentration of particles when a group of magnetic nanoparticles moves inside a magnetic field and consequently makes the effective control of particles very difficult [ 16 ]. Due to these modeling and actuation complications of MNPs, automatic approaches for steering MNPs may not be feasible solutions in drug targeting applications.…”