Feline sporotrichosis in Asia

Han, Hock Siew; Kano, Rui

doi:10.1007/s42770-020-00274-5

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Among the new pathogenic species, S. brasiliensis has the higher clinical-epidemiological impact (4,5) as the main species related to cat to human transmission in South America (6)(7)(8), while S. schenckii has a worldwide distribution (5). In addition, S. brasiliensis is the prevalent species related to sporotrichosis in cats (Felis catus domesticus) followed by S. schenckii (9,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complement-Mediated Differential Immune Response of Human Macrophages to Sporothrix Species Through Interaction With Their Cell Wall Peptidorhamnomannans

et al. 2021

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In this study, the human immune response mechanisms against Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii, two causative agents of human and animal sporotrichosis, were investigated. The interaction of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii with human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) was shown to be dependent on the thermolabile serum complement protein C3, which facilitated the phagocytosis of Sporothrix yeast cells through opsonization. The peptidorhamnomannan (PRM) component of the cell walls of these two Sporothrix yeasts was found to be one of their surfaces exposed pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), leading to activation of the complement system and deposition of C3b on the Sporothrix yeast surfaces. PRM also showed direct interaction with CD11b, the specific component of the complement receptor-3 (CR3). Furthermore, the blockade of CR3 specifically impacted the interleukin (IL)-1β secretion by hMDM in response to both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, suggesting that the host complement system plays an essential role in the inflammatory immune response against these Sporothrix species. Nevertheless, the structural differences in the PRMs of the two Sporothrix species, as revealed by NMR, were related to the differences observed in the host complement activation pathways. Together, this work reports a new PAMP of the cell surface of pathogenic fungi playing a role through the activation of complement system and via CR3 receptor mediating an inflammatory response to Sporothrix species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complement-Mediated Differential Immune Response of Human Macrophages to Sporothrix Species Through Interaction With Their Cell Wall Peptidorhamnomannans

et al. 2021

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“…These data suggested that the analyzed inoculum size of conidia is not able to show differences in the animal mortality associated with the different fungal species, nor the 1×10 7 yeast-like cell inoculum, but fungal challenges of 1×10 5 or 1×10 6 yeast-like cells were capable of killing the animal population similarly as reported in mice and G. mellonella larvae, keeping the previously reported virulence rank, ie, S. brasiliensis as the fastest species to kill the host and S. globosa the slowest. Therefore, we continued our analysis only with animals inoculated with either 1×10 5 or 1×10 6 yeastlike cells.…”

Section: Sporothrix Spp Kills Tenebrio Molitor Larvae In a Dose-dependent Mannermentioning

confidence: 95%

“…[1][2][3] This infection is traditionally considered as a sapronosis, where decaying vegetal tissues are the natural niche for fungal growth; 1 however, due to the recent increment in animal sporotrichosis cases, particularly in domestic species, this disease is also now considered as a zoonosis. [4][5][6] Most of the cases positively respond to the conventional antifungal therapies or are fixed lesions that are controlled by the host immunity, but there is the risk to develop a life-threatening systemic infection, which in recent years is increasing in frequency, in particular in immunosuppressed patients. 7 Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the three out of the 51 species classified within the Sporothrix genus that are the etiological agents of most of the animal and human sporotrichosis cases and are grouped within the pathogenic clade of this genus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tenebrio molitor as an Alternative Model to Analyze the Sporothrix Species Virulence

Lozoya-Pérez¹,

García-Carnero²,

Martínez-Álvarez³

et al. 2021

IDR

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Background Sporotrichosis is an increasing threat for humans, affecting mainly skin and subcutaneous tissues but that can cause disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis , and Sporothrix globosa are the main etiological agents of this mycosis, and each species show different virulence levels. The gold standard to assess fungal virulence is the mouse model that is expensive and time-consuming. Thus, invertebrate models have been reported as an alternative for the evaluation of fungal virulence. Here, we assessed whether Tenebrio molitor larvae could be a new alternative to study Sporothrix spp. virulence. Methods T. molitor larvae were inoculated with different doses of S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis , and S. globosa , and animal mortality, cytotoxicity, and immunological parameters were analyzed, including the ability to stimulate immunological priming. Results Mortality curves demonstrated that yeast-like cells were the best fungal morphology to kill larvae and showed a similar ranking in virulence than that reported in other animal models, ie, being S. brasiliensis and S. globosa the species with the highest and lowest virulence, respectively. The usefulness of this model was validated with the analysis of several S. schenckii strains with different virulence degrees, and changes in cytotoxicity, humoral and cellular immunological parameters. Low-virulence strains stimulated low levels of cytotoxicity, phenoloxidase activity, and hemocyte countings, and these immunological cells poorly uptake fungi. Moreover, using recombinant Gp70 from S. schenckii immunological priming was stimulated in larvae and this protected against a lethal dose of fungal cells from any of the three species under study. Conclusion The study demonstrated that T. molitor larvae are an appropriate alternative invertebrate model to analyze the virulence of S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis , and S. globosa . Additionally, hemocyte levels, phenoloxidase activity, cytotoxicity, uptake by hemocytes, and immunological priming are biological parameters that can be used to study the Sporothrix–T. molitor interaction.

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“…The species S. globosa is the most common in human cases in Asia and America, and in Europe the first autochthonous was reported in Portugal [15][16][17]. The species S. schenckii sensu stricto predominate in humans in Australia, South Africa, western South and Central America, and North America and is the only species described in cats in Malaysia [18]. The species S. mexicana is most commonly isolated from environment and rarely reported in human clinical cases in Brazil [19] and Portugal [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Anatomopathological Evaluation of BALB/c Murine Models Infected with Isolates of Seven Pathogenic Sporothrix Species

et al. 2021

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Background: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis with worldwide distribution and caused by seven pathogenic species of Sporothrix genus: S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa and S. luriei (clinical clade), and the species S. mexicana, S. pallida and S. chilensis (environmental clade). Isolates of the same species of Sporothrix may have different pathogenicities; however, few isolates of this fungus have been studied. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the clinical and anatomopathological changes in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed BALB/c mice infected with clinical and environmental isolates of seven different species of Sporothrix, from both clades. One human clinical isolate of S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana and S. chilensis species and one environmental isolate of S. pallida were inoculated subcutaneously in immunocompetent mice and the same isolates of S. brasiliensis and S.schenckii sensu stricto were inoculated in immunossupressed mice. Clinical manifestations as external lesions, apathy, and alopecia were observed. At 21, 35, and 49 days after fungal inoculation, four mice from each group were weighed, euthanized and necropsied for evaluation of splenic index, recovery of fungal cells, macroscopic and histopathological analysis of livers, lungs, kidneys, and hearts. The survival assessment was observed for 50 days following inoculation. Our results demonstrated that, clinical S. schenckii isolate, followed by clinical S. mexicana, and environmental S. pallida isolates, the last two, species grouped in the environmental clade, were capable of inducing greater anatomopathological changes in mice, which was reflected in the severity of the clinical signs of these animals. Thus, we reinforce the hypothesis that the pathogenicity of Sporothrix is not only related to the species of this fungus, but also shows variation between different isolates of the same species.

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Feline sporotrichosis in Asia

Cited by 31 publications

References 54 publications

Complement-Mediated Differential Immune Response of Human Macrophages to Sporothrix Species Through Interaction With Their Cell Wall Peptidorhamnomannans

Complement-Mediated Differential Immune Response of Human Macrophages to Sporothrix Species Through Interaction With Their Cell Wall Peptidorhamnomannans

Tenebrio molitor as an Alternative Model to Analyze the Sporothrix Species Virulence

Clinical and Anatomopathological Evaluation of BALB/c Murine Models Infected with Isolates of Seven Pathogenic Sporothrix Species

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