Female Estrogen-Related Factors and Incidence of Basal Cell Carcinoma in a Nationwide US Cohort

Cahoon, Elizabeth K.; Kitahara, Cari M.; Ntowe, Estelle; Bowen, Emily; Doody, Michele M.; Alexander, Bruce H.; Lee, Terrence; Little, Mark P.; Linet, Martha S.; Freedman, D. Michal

doi:10.1200/jco.2015.62.0625

Cited by 28 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Epidemiologists have investigated whether these characteristics may be associated with KC, with one postulated hypothetical mechanism that estrogen may act to sensitize the epidermis to the damaging effects of UVR [43]. …”

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reproductive characteristics and exogenous estrogen use were examined in relation to BCC risk in a prospective cohort study of more than 46,000 women [•43]. Among the primary findings were the associations of increased BCC risk with later age at menopause (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.04–2.17 for ≥55 yrs.…”

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the primary findings were the associations of increased BCC risk with later age at menopause (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.04–2.17 for ≥55 yrs. versus 50–54 years) and menopausal hormone therapy (ever-vs.-never use RR 1.16; 95% CL 1.03–1.30) [43]. The findings for oral contraceptive use were null [43].…”

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…versus 50–54 years) and menopausal hormone therapy (ever-vs.-never use RR 1.16; 95% CL 1.03–1.30) [43]. The findings for oral contraceptive use were null [43]. In another cohort study a similar association between menopausal hormonal therapy and BCC (ever-vs.-never use RR 1.15; 95% CL 1.02–1.29) was observed [44].…”

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Carcinoma

2017

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Purpose of the review To provide a synopsis of recent research advances in the epidemiology of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC), with a focus on indoor tanning and known risk factors for other forms of cancer such as cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. Recent findings The evidence is strong enough to infer that use of UVR-emitting indoor tanning devices cause KC. Epidemiologic studies of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and menopausal hormone therapy all show some suggestion for increased risk of KC but the evidence is not yet strong enough to determine if there is a true etiologic role. Body mass index is clearly inversely associated with KC risk but this is more likely to be due to lower UVR exposure in overweight and obese individuals than it is due to a true etiologic role. Summary The epidemic of KC continues unabated, and the causal role of indoor tanning is contributing to this unfavorable trend in KC incidence rates. Advances in understanding the etiology of KC should not divert attention away from the fact that the primary public health strategy to prevent KC is known: minimize population exposure to UVR from the sun and from UVR-emitting indoor tanning devices, particularly among those with sun-sensitive phenotypes.

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Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Carcinoma

2017

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“…The incidence of skin cancer, comprising malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), has increased rapidly in the past decades [1][2][3]. Melanoma is the most aggressive of skin cancers although it has a low incidence, while non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) shows high incidence yet considerably lower mortality rates compared to melanoma [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating DNA methylation as a potential mediator between pigmentation genes, pigmentary traits and skin cancer

Bonilla

Bertoni

Min

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundIncidence rates for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), have been steadily increasing in all populations. Populations of European ancestry exhibit the highest rates and therefore, have been widely studied. Pigmentation characteristics are well-known risk factors for skin cancer, particularly fair skin, red hair, blue eyes and the inability to tan. Polymorphisms in established pigmentation-related genes have been associated with these traits and with an increased risk of malignancy. However, the functional relationship between genetic variation and disease is still unclear, with the exception of red hair colour variants in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore the possibility that non-coding pigmentation SNPs are associated with pigmentary traits and skin cancer via DNA methylation (DNAm). Methods and ResultsUsing a meta-GWAS of whole blood DNAm from 36 European cohorts (N=27,750; the Genetics of DNA Methylation Consortium, GoDMC), we found that 19 out of 27 pigmentation-associated SNPs distributed within 10 genes (ASIP, BNC2, IRF4, HERC2, MC1R, OCA2, SLC24A4, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TYR) were associated with 391 DNAm sites across 30 genomic regions. We selected 25 DNAm sites for further analysis.We examined the effect of the chosen DNAm sites on pigmentation traits, sun exposure phenotypes, and skin cancer, and on gene expression in whole blood. We found an association of decreased DNAm at cg07402062 with red hair in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), and a strong positive association of DNAm at this and correlated sites with higher expression of SPIRE2. Additionally, we investigated the association of gene expression in skin with pigmentation traits and skin cancer. The expression of ASIP, FAM83C, NCOA6, CDK10, and EXOC2 was associated with hair colour, whilst that of ASIP and CDK10 also had an effect on melanoma and BCC. ConclusionsOur results indicate that DNAm and expression of genes in the 16q24.3 and 20q11.22 regions, deserve to be further investigated as potential mediators of the relationship between genetic variants, pigmentation/sun exposure phenotypes, and some types of skin cancer.We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses.

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Sex disparity in skin carcinogenesis and potential influence of sex hormones

Collier

Musicante

Patel

et al. 2021

Skin Health and Disease

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Background: Sex or gender disparity in skin cancer has been documented for a long time at the population level. UV radiation (UVR) is a common environmental risk for all three major types of skin cancer: cutaneous melanoma (CM), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The underlying mechanism for sex disparity has been largely attributed to sex-differentiated behaviour patterns related to UVR. Non-UVR factors such as intrinsic physiological differences have been suggested but remain understudied. Aims, Materials and Methods: This review summarizes and compares the known sex differences in three skin cancer types with regard to body site distribution and age influence. Results: We found a similar age-dependent sex difference pattern in CM and BCC. Specifically, CM and BCC tend to show higher incidence in young women and old men, with a switching age around menopause. The switching age suggests involvement of sex hormones, which has shown controversial influence on skin cancers at epidemiological level. Literatures regarding sex hormone receptors for oestrogen, androgen and progesterone are summarized for potential explanations at molecular level. Discussion: Overall, more and more evidence suggests non-UVR factors such as sex hormones play critical roles in skin cancer (especially CM and BCC), yet solid population and molecular evidence are required. Incidences of skin cancer are increasing which suggests limited effect for the current UVR-avoidance prevention methods. Conclusion: Fully understanding the causes of sex disparities in incidence is necessary for developing a comprehensive prevention strategy. V. Collier and M. Musicante have contributed equally to this work.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Female Estrogen-Related Factors and Incidence of Basal Cell Carcinoma in a Nationwide US Cohort

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Carcinoma

Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Carcinoma

Investigating DNA methylation as a potential mediator between pigmentation genes, pigmentary traits and skin cancer

Sex disparity in skin carcinogenesis and potential influence of sex hormones

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