Female Genital Schistosomiasis of the Lower Genital Tract: Prevalence and Disease‐Associated Morbidity in Northern Tanzania

Poggensee, Gabriele; Kiwelu, Ireen; Weger, Veronika; Göppner, Daniela; Diedrich, Thomas; Krantz, Ingela; Feldmeier, Hermann

doi:10.1086/315345

Cited by 134 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…[4][5][6][7] Communitybased studies have shown that cervical schistosomiasis is very common in women infected with S. haematobium with frequencies ranging from 33% to 75%. [8][9][10][11] Clinically, schistosomiasis of the cervix shows diverse features, all of which result from granulomatous inflammation. Cauliflower-like growth, nodular hypertrophy, ulcerative and polypoid lesions have been documented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So-called sandy patches are pathognomic; they may exist on a macroscopically normal cervix, but are often in the vicinity of ulcer and erosions. 11,13 Ova are predominately located at the ecto-endocervical junction. 14 Symptoms associated with cervical schistosomiasis are dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, leukorrhea, lower abdominal pain, post-coital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, and dyspareunia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis of genital cervical schistosomiasis: comparison of cytological, histopathological and parasitological examination.

Poggensee¹,

Sahebali²,

Marck³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Granulomatous inflammation of the cervix uteri is a common manifestation of infection with Schistosoma haematobium. In women the cervix is the most common site of infection by S. haematobium. Three methods were used to assess the performance of three different ways of detecting schistosome eggs in cervical tissue: cytological examination of a cervical smear, histological examination of a cervical biopsy, and direct examination of cervical tissue obtained by forceps biopsy (quantitative compressed biopsy technique [QCBT]). Of 228 women studied who lived in an S. haematobium endemic area in Tanzania, 112 (49%) had schistosome eggs detected in the cervix using QCBT. Histological examination detected eggs in 40 of 228 (18%). The cytological examination of cervical smears yielded only 6 positive results (3%). The median egg load in the cervical tissue of cases correctly diagnosed by histology was significantly higher than the egg load in the misclassified cases, indicating that the sensitivity of histological sectioning increases with egg density. We conclude that the QCBT is the diagnostic test of choice for schistosomiasis of the genital cervix.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of genital cervical schistosomiasis: comparison of cytological, histopathological and parasitological examination.

Poggensee¹,

Sahebali²,

Marck³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…8 Female genital schistosomiasis is the presence of schistosome eggs and/or worms in the female genital organs, in the epithelium of the urinary bladder or genital mucosa where erosions, so-called sandy patches, contact bleeding and oedema may be found. [9][10][11] Adult S. haematobium worms can be found in the venules surrounding any organ of the upper and lower genital tract. 9 These adult S. haematobium worms lay between 20 and 200 eggs per day.…”

Section: Female Genital Schistosomiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9][10][11] Adult S. haematobium worms can be found in the venules surrounding any organ of the upper and lower genital tract. 9 These adult S. haematobium worms lay between 20 and 200 eggs per day. 4 A large number of the eggs penetrate the vessel wall of the urogenital tract and become sequestered in the tissues of the urinary bladder, cervix, vagina and fallopian tubes.…”

Section: Female Genital Schistosomiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

review of the control of schistosomiasis in South Africa

Magaisa¹,

Taylor²,

Kjetland³

et al. 2018

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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Schistosomiasis is the second most important tropical disease in the world in terms of public health impact. In South Africa, more than 4 million people are estimated to be infected with schistosomiasis. School-age children usually have the highest prevalence and intensity of infection. Schistosoma haematobium may result in female genital schistosomiasis which presents as inflammation and ulceration of the genital mucosa and pathological blood vessels. These effects may increase the susceptibility of women with female genital schistosomiasis to HIV. Praziquantel is the drug used to treat schistosomiasis and it is best to treat people during the early stages of infection, before female genital schistosomiasis presents as lesions and sandy patches, as there currently is no treatment for these symptoms. Schistosomiasis is not regarded as a serious public health issue in South Africa despite evidence revealing the seriousness of the disease. In areas endemic for schistosomiasis, the World Health Organization recommends regular mass treatment of all school-age children. In 2001, South Africa became a signatory to the World Health Assembly resolution 54.19 which urged all member states to achieve the minimum goal of 75% treatment coverage in school-age children at risk by 2010. This goal was not achieved in South Africa, despite efforts made by the Department of Health, such as the first statutory school-based geohelminth control programme in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. However, this programme has not been continued. Therefore, there is still much work to be done in order to control and decrease the prevalence of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

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“…Some recent data exist on the morbidity due to female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), but only one systematic study on the infection of genital organs in men has been conducted (Feldmeier et al 1996(Feldmeier et al , 1997Leutscher et al 1999;Poggensee et al 1999Poggensee et al , 2000. Moreover, FGS was recently acknowledged as a potential risk factor for the transmission of HIV, while the role of MGS regarding HIV transmission has not yet been defined (Feldmeier et al 1994(Feldmeier et al , 1995.…”

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confidence: 99%