Females have lower skin surface pH than men

Ehlers, C; Ivens, Ulla I.; Möller, Marco; Senderovitz, Thomas; Serup, Jørgen

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0846.2001.70206.x

Cited by 101 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The pH value was higher in women (5.6 ± 0.4) than in men (4.3 ± 0.4) (see table 1). Similar gender-related differences in pH have been reported by other groups [10, 11], in contrast to reversed results [12 ]and no differences [9]. Differences in cosmetic habits that can cause an increase in pH [21] are proposed as the reason for such conflicting results [28.]…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

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Gender-Related Differences in the Physiology of the Stratum Corneum

et al. 2005

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Background: Only few studies on gender-related differences in skin physiology have been performed – and they provided conflicting results. Objective: In the present study, the effect of gender on the physiology of the stratum corneum was studied. Methods: The physiological parameters transepidermal water loss, pH value, hydration and sebum content were determined on the flexor forearms of 6 female and 6 male volunteers. In addition, stratum corneum samples, removed by tape stripping, were studied for amount, spectroscopic properties, protein content, and mass. Results: The skin of women was characterized by a significantly higher pH value (5.6 ± 0.4) than that of men (4.3 ± 0.4, p < 0.05). Protein absorption was the only other parameter significantly dependent on gender (p < 0.05). Both effects might be caused by differences in human biology, such as hormonal status. Conclusion: Therefore, the gender of the volunteers should be considered in dermatologic studies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

“…In other studies, women had higher pH levels than men [10, 11,] while another group reported a lower skin surface pH in women than in men [12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-Related Differences in the Physiology of the Stratum Corneum

et al. 2005

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“…The skin pH then appears to remain constant until approximately 80 years of age. Regarding gender, a few reports have indicated gender associations [16][17][18], but these are not supported by other studies [12,19,20]. In our study, the initial skin pH before using the product was 4.8, the same as the average reported skin pH in humans.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Effects of Topical Moisturizers on the Skin of Healthy Full-term Infants and Toddlers

Hyun¹,

Lee²,

Oh³

et al. 2015

Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea

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Moisturizers are the most prescribed products in dermatology. Treatment with moisturizers aims to maintain skin integrity and overall well-being by providing a healthy appearance. Moisturizers perform very important functions in baby care; however, there are few studies on the effects of moisturizers on the skin of infants. To investigate the effects of moisturizers on the skin of healthy full-term infants and toddlers, thirty-one healthy, full-term, 6-to 36-month-old infants and toddlers without any dermatologic conditions received moisturizer applied to the whole body except the eyes and diaper area after bathing twice daily for 4 weeks. Clinical assessments were conducted before treatment, immediately after the treatment period, and 1 and 4 weeks after treatment. At all visits, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin pH, and skin roughness were measured, the skin surface was photographed, and any adverse events were recorded. After using moisturizer, skin hydration significantly increased and TEWL and roughness significantly decreased. The skin pH was modified to mildly acidic and the skin surface was visually smoother than before treatment. There were no statistical significant differences of effects of moisturizers according to age and sex, and adverse events were not observed. The results of moisturizer application on the skin were increased skin hydration, recovery of barrier function, balancing skin pH within a mildly acidic range, and increasing the smoothness of the skin surface for 4 weeks.

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“…In other words, pH could be one of the factors that determine locale-specific gene expression patterns, since certain body sites are characterized by variations in pH from the homeostatic 7.4 ( Fig. 6) (5,10,16,21,22,31,41,53). Given the breadth of the MAS, plus the fact that the intracellular pH is maintained within very narrow limits, the pH differential must be sensed by one or more surface receptors and transduced to the interior of the cell.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mild Acid on Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2004

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During staphylococcal growth in glucose-supplemented medium, the pH of a culture starting near neutrality typically decreases by about 2 units due to the fermentation of glucose. Many species can comfortably tolerate the resulting mildly acidic conditions (pH, ϳ5.5) by mounting a cellular response, which serves to defend the intracellular pH and, in principle, to modify gene expression for optimal performance in a mildly acidic infection site. In this report, we show that changes in staphylococcal gene expression formerly thought to represent a glucose effect are largely the result of declining pH. We examine the cellular response to mild acid by microarray analysis and define the affected gene set as the mild acid stimulon. Many of the genes encoding extracellular virulence factors are affected, as are genes involved in regulation of virulence factor gene expression, transport of sugars and peptides, intermediary metabolism, and pH homeostasis. Key results are verified by gene fusion and Northern blot hybridization analyses. The results point to, but do not define, possible regulatory pathways by which the organism senses and responds to a pH stimulus.Facultative pathogens such as staphylococci produce a wide variety of accessory proteins. Many of these are involved in, or required for, infectivity and are collectively referred to as the virulon. It is widely believed that the genes encoding these proteins are regulated according to the exigencies of the local sites in which the organism is able to establish an infection. The evidence in support of this very logical view is, at best, rather sketchy, largely for two reasons. Firstly, it has, until very recently, been unapproachably difficult to determine the putative locale-specific gene expression patterns. Secondly, it has been no easy matter to identify the specific environmental factors that would determine these patterns. As a preamble to the ultimate objective of defining in vivo environmental factors that influence the expression of accessory genes involved in local pathogenesis, we have begun to reexamine the effect of certain nutrients and other chemicals, including glucose, acidic pH, salt, salicylic acid, and subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, on the expression of virulence genes during growth in vitro. These substances have widespread effects on the transcription of virulence genes and other accessory genes, which are presumably initiated through signaling elements and mediated through the complex regulatory network that governs the expression of all accessory genes (34). Our entrée into the transduction of environmental signals was provided by the observation that all of these substances affected transcription of a key signaling locus, sae, which is involved in the regulation of the expression of many exoproteins (36). In that study, which was initiated by a determination of the effect of glucose, it was shown that sae has a complex transcriptional pattern that undergoes a very striking switch during in vitro growth at neutral pH, in which...

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Females have lower skin surface pH than men

Cited by 101 publications

References 5 publications

Gender-Related Differences in the Physiology of the Stratum Corneum

Gender-Related Differences in the Physiology of the Stratum Corneum

Effects of Topical Moisturizers on the Skin of Healthy Full-term Infants and Toddlers

Effect of Mild Acid on Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus

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