Feminization, Defeminization, and Structural Change in Manufacturing

Kučera, David; Tejani, Sheba

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.033

Cited by 58 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This suggests that Rendall's results might be indicative of a process where heavy industrial labor is replaced by more service-and export-oriented industry, a process that is currently prominent in Central America and South East Asia. Studying the manufacturing sector in these regions, Kucera and Tejani (2014) find that the initially labor-intensive production methods in export-oriented manufacture are associated with a feminization of the labor force. Rendall's shift from physical to intellectual work or Haghihat's observed increase in services employment, should then be interpreted as the upward turn of the u-shaped relation between economic conditions and the FLPR.…”

Section: (A) Economic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Horton, 1999;Norris, 1992). Labor force participation is not always a free choice (Elson, 1999) and may be limited to low-paid and labor-intensive sectors and occupations (Kucera & Tejani, 2014;Ç agatay & Ö zler, 1995). Low economic activity may also be desirable for some women, in particular when education or retirement is substituted for employment (Clark & Anker, 1993;Van Klaveren & Tijdens, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Working Women Worldwide. Age Effects in Female Labor Force Participation in 117 Countries

et al. 2015

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Section: (A) Economic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Women Worldwide. Age Effects in Female Labor Force Participation in 117 Countries

et al. 2015

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“…These contradictory findings may have to do with the fact that women seem to lose their initial advantages as industries upgrade, leading to a defeminization of employment in manufacturing (Kucera and Tejani, 2014;Ghosh, 2007;Tejani and Milberg, 2010). Similar patterns have been found in high-income countries, where women's job losses in manufacturing have been directly linked to rising imports of manufactures (Kongar, 2007;Kucera and Milberg, 2007).…”

Section: F Gender Industrialization Trade and Employment 20mentioning

confidence: 92%

Влияние Внешних Факторов На Развитие Рынка Консалтинговых Услуг

Владимировна¹

2017

Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship

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В статье рассмотрены внешние факторы, оказывающие воздействие на рынок консалтинговых услуг. Сделана их классификация и анализ применительно к текущему развитию рынка управленческого консультирования в России. В результате проведенного анализа констатировано, что к факторам, оказывающим наиболее сильное влияние на рынок консалтинговых услуг, можно отнести: политические; экономические; правовые и законодательные; технологические; социальные, организационные и психологические факторы.

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Section: B a Gricultural Sector Employs Most Women In Low-and Lower-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, women have been concentrated in those manufacturing jobs which are more labour-intensive, such as those in the textile and apparel industries. Changes in technology over the last two decades, particularly in Eastern Asia, have led to the global defeminization of the manufacturing sector, by shifting production in the manufacturing sector from more labour-intensive to more capital-intensive activities (Kucera and Tejani, 2014;Caraway, 2007).In upper-middle-income countries, the majority of women are employed in the wholesale and retail trade sector (33.9 per cent) and in the manufacturing sector, which, despite the growing process of defeminization, still absorbs 12.4 per cent of female employment.In high-income countries, the main source of female employment is the health and education sector, in which almost one third of employed women have jobs. Male employment is not so highly concentrated in a specific sector.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effort Years and Underperformance : The Intersection of Employment, Social Protection, and Gender in South Korea

O’Malley¹

2017

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International Labour Office women workers / equal rights / labour force participation / unemployment / hours of work / labour market segmentation / wage differential / gender equality / sex discrimination / unpaid work / social protection / family responsibilities / trend / developed countries / developing countries 14.02.2 ILO Cataloguing in Publication DataThe designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.ILO publications and digital products can be obtained through major booksellers and digital distribution platforms, or ordered directly from ilo@turpin-distribution.com. For more information, visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns or contact ilopubs@ilo.org. II. Labour force participation rates 6A. Narrowing of labour force participation gaps in most regions 6 B. W idening participation gaps in Eastern and Southern Asia 7 III. Employment-to-population ratios 8A. Higher employment-to-population ratios for men 8 B. I ncreased share of women employees 8 C. Disproportionate share of women in contributing family work 10 D. Higher proportion of women in informal employment 11 IV. Unemployment rates 12A. Persistent gender gaps in unemployment rates 12B. Higher levels of unemployment among young women 14 V. W orking time for pay or profit and unpaid work 17A VII. Gender wage gap 28A. Substantial gender wage gap but signs of moderate reduction 28B. E conomic growth alone will not ensure a gender equitable distribution of the gains 28 VIII. Gender gaps in access to social protection 30A. Gender inequities in pensions 30B. C overage gaps in maternity protection 35 Conclusion 35Part Two. Gender gaps in the quality of work I. Sectoral and occupational segregation 39A. Causes of sex segregation at work 39 B. G ender gaps in entrepreneurship 40C. Gender gaps in women's representation in decision-making and leadership positions 41 D. Tackling the root causes of sectoral and occupational segregation 42 1. Encouraging young girls and boys to break gender stereotypes through education and outreach 42 2. Offering training to women and men to enter into non-stereotypical fields 43 3. Promoting women's entrepreneurship 44 4. Supporting women's participation and leadership in decision-making 45 II. G ender wage gaps 48A F. Addressing...

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Feminization, Defeminization, and Structural Change in Manufacturing

Cited by 58 publications

References 23 publications

Working Women Worldwide. Age Effects in Female Labor Force Participation in 117 Countries

Working Women Worldwide. Age Effects in Female Labor Force Participation in 117 Countries

Влияние Внешних Факторов На Развитие Рынка Консалтинговых Услуг

Effort Years and Underperformance : The Intersection of Employment, Social Protection, and Gender in South Korea

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