Feminization of the Forehead: Contour Changing to Improve Female Aesthetics

Facial determinants of female gender and feminizing forehead cranioplasty

“…A prior report by Habal described feminizing cranioplasty in 13 patients using a burring type technique where the forehead was contoured into the diploic space only using osteotomes and a tapping technique. 28 Ousterhout 29 reported his techniques for feminizing cranioplasty, which included burring, bony flap setback, and using methylmethacrylate to contour the forehead, but did not include a description of his patient volume nor the complication rate with these techniques.…”

Facial feminization procedures: the western approaches to the forehead

“…Reduction of the bossing, including the frontal processes of the zygomas and the lateral superior orbital rims, can be burred to smooth away any bony infringement and to expand the orbital perimeter. Ousterhoust, Altman, Capitan, and Komuro reported the use of either pineapple or methylmethacrylate burr [1,[7][8][9].…”

“…These procedures have relatively low major complication rate ranging from 0.0 to 1.8% [1,4,8,9]. Capitán et al [8] reported one case of cerebrospinal fluid fistula, which resolved with conservative management.…”

“…FFS was pioneered by Dr. Douglas Ousterhout from San Francisco, California. By studying male and female skulls, he identified differences in forehead contour and subsequently proposed treatment protocols [1,2]. Since the initial description in the 1980s, FFS has been popularized and has significantly evolved across all continents, particularly in Asia.…”

Facial feminization surgery: current state of the art

“…1 Characteristics identified in female and male skulls were identified in female patients demonstrating both male and female forehead features. Treatment protocols were produced based on these differing features and various surgical techniques developed, some of which were also performed in gender female patients who also requested improvement in their forehead contour.…”