Facial feminization surgery: current state of the art

Altman, Keith

doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2012.04.024

Cited by 153 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the past, the older ones were more interested in cosmetic surgery of the forehead as they focused on rejuvenation surgery of the forehead by removing wrinkles and lifting brow ptosis [6][7][8][9][10]. Lately, as people prefer to have a small and round face with a convex forehead, the younger generation also has come to prefer a more convex, smaller looking forehead [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction Foreheadplasty: For Reducing the Vertical Height of Forehead and Facial Proportion.

Kim

et al. 2017

Arch Aesthetic Plast Surg

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Background A face is considered beautiful if the forehead is presented with a width and proportion similar to the golden ratio or so called Cannon ratio. The most previously performed plastic surgeries on the forehead was a procedure to fill depressed parts so as to make the appearance of a smooth but convex three-dimensional forehead. However, this study focused on making a beautiful facial contour from the creation of a forehead adequately proportional to the overall ratio through a method of correcting the large forehead. Methods Based on the measurement by gliding test, start the designing in a zig-zag form along the hair line. Flap is dissected as designed between the galea aponeurotica and above the periosteum. In order to reposition and fix the scalp flap to the desired place, Endotine forehead ® is used. Results The amount of forehead reduction ranged from 12 to 23 mm, the average being 15.9 mm. The post-operative scar was matured 5 to 6 months after the surgery, and became faded and invisible in most of the patients. Conclusions The method used by the authors may be referred to as a surgical method with an emphasis on reducing the area on the forehead directly. This was done by lowering the location of the trichion, shortening the length of the forehead, and consequently reducing the size of a broad forehead. Satisfactory results were obtained from the tension-minimized forehead reduction procedure used in this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction Foreheadplasty: For Reducing the Vertical Height of Forehead and Facial Proportion.

Kim

et al. 2017

Arch Aesthetic Plast Surg

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“…Hairline approach, if hairline correction is required 2. Coronal approach, if forehead height is acceptable Incisions should be made tangential to the hair follicles [7,9,10], which would allow hair growth through the resulting scar. Hairline incisions can follow the temporal hairline, and then run in a posterior direction into the hair-bearing area and down towards the ears.…”

Section: Forehead Contouringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In severe bossing cases, it is more crucial to attain wide exposure of the entire frontal area down to the glabella, including the frontal processes of the zy- www.jcosmetmed.org gomas and the superior orbital rims, dissecting into the roof of each orbit. The supra-orbital nerves may need to be dissected or osteotomized out of their foramina in order to expose the entire superior orbital rims [7,9]. Reduction of the bossing, including the frontal processes of the zygomas and the lateral superior orbital rims, can be burred to smooth away any bony infringement and to expand the orbital perimeter.…”

Section: Forehead Contouringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forehead contours can be improved with augmentation of the entire forehead with implants or bone cement. In types I and III, some surgeons obtain pre-operative computed tomography (CT) scans to confirm the forehead types and plan for facial surgery [7,8]. Spiegel reported safe sinus intervention without pre-operative CT scan [4], though the author also recommended pre-operative imaging, either by cephalogram or CT scan, for surgical planning and pre-operative counseling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial feminization procedures: the western approaches to the forehead

Hoang¹

2017

J Cosmet Med

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“…[7] The pretrichial incision is occasionally chosen, typically in facial feminization surgery, which includes supraorbital rim contouring and scalp advancement. [8] Although indications for facelift surgery remain, they are limited. A more recent approach to restoring a youthful appearance to the midface involves volume augmentation, although this is questionable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%