Femtosecond laser-based processing methods and their applications in optical device manufacturing: A review

Wang, Xiaoduo; Yu, Haibo; Li, Peiwen; Zhang, Yuzhao; Wen, Yangdong; Qiu, Ye; Liu, Zhu; Liu, Yunpeng; Liu, Lianqing

doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106687

Cited by 90 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Methods based on lithography (E-beam, multibeam interference, nanoimprinting, and digital projection) have been widely used to fabricate nano-/microstructures on hydrogel surfaces and modify their refractive indices (RI) and light shaping properties . However, for subsurface or volumetric processing of hydrogels in a user-defined manner, two-photon-absorption-based laser writing may be the only realistic method of choice as it can generate customized patterns within ordinary hydrogels with high design flexibility in 3D. − Being embedded within a hydrogel matrix, printed structures are free from optical misalignment issues or damage during handling yet facilitate the modulation of pattern periodicity via analyte diffusion within the porous matrix. Previously, our group showed that femtosecond (fs) laser writing can generate “densified” structures within ordinary gelatin-based hydrogels, which can be used as biophysical cues to align cells encapsulated within the gelatin matrix .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond Laser Densification of Hydrogels to Generate Customized Volume Diffractive Gratings

Xiong

Poudel

Narkar

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Inspired by nature's ability to shape soft biological materials to exhibit a range of optical functionalities, we report femtosecond (fs) laser-induced densification as a new method to generate volume or subsurface diffractive gratings within ordinary hydrogel materials. We characterize the processing range in terms of fs laser power, speed, and penetration depths for achieving densification within poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel and characterize the associated change in local refractive index (RI). The RI change facilitates the fabrication of custom volume gratings (parallel line, grid, square, and ring gratings) within PEGDA. To demonstrate this method's broad applicability, fs laser densification was used to generate line gratings within the phenylboronic acid (PBA) hydrogel, which is known to be responsive to changes in pH. In the future, this technique can be used to convert ordinary hydrogels into multicomponent biophotonic systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond Laser Densification of Hydrogels to Generate Customized Volume Diffractive Gratings

Xiong

Poudel

Narkar

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Eyes, as a window for creatures to obtain information from the outside world, inspire us to prepare a tremendous variety of optical imaging devices. Recently, the urgent requirements, such as medical examination tools and surveillance equipment, contribute to the booming of the compact optical devices . Therefore, the mechanically modulated bulk-optic devices based on traditional fabrication processes no longer adapt to the current tendency of the optical device miniaturization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the urgent requirements, such as medical examination tools and surveillance equipment, contribute to the booming of the compact optical devices. 1 Therefore, the mechanically modulated bulk-optic devices based on traditional fabrication processes no longer adapt to the current tendency of the optical device miniaturization. Encouraged by the development of the semiconductor technology, processing functional devices as small as insects have become a reality, which also endows these miniaturized devices with advantages that monoculars do not have.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Hyper Compound Eyes Enable Variable-Focus Imaging on both Curved and Flat Surfaces

Luan

Cao

Deng

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The artificial compound eye (ACE) with zoom imaging requires complex power sources. Meanwhile, its curved substrate makes it difficult for the ACE to realize the zoom imaging on flat surfaces. To realize a wide field of view and a zoom function on both curved and flat surfaces simultaneously, a novel ACE is proposed, which is a bionic design inspired by an ancient creature, trilobite. Compared with a dragonfly, photosensitive units of a trilobite's compound eye are composed of ommatidia with different focal lengths. By learning from this concept, an artificial hyper compound eye (AHCE) was fabricated. Its basic components are five microlenses with different curvatures, and they are capable of being treated as five ommatidia with different focal lengths. Five ommatidia form a photosensitive unit to realize a zoom function. AHCE is capable of variable-focus imaging on curved surfaces. With the information share function, we found that the AHCE not only images on curved surfaces but also has a zoom-imaging function on flat surfaces. The results confirm that the AHCE demonstrates an advanced imaging capability, a variable-focus imaging function on both curved and flat surfaces, which may open new opportunities in developing advanced micro-optical devices.

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“…Nowadays, femtosecond laser direct writing (LDW) is an advanced technology to fabricate waveguides inside glass materials [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Such structures represent an integral element for photonics circuits [ 18 , 19 ], lab on a chip [ 20 ] and sensorics [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework

et al. 2021

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Laser direct writing technique in glass is a powerful tool for various waveguides’ fabrication that highly develop the element base for designing photonic devices. We apply this technique to fabricate waveguides in porous glass (PG). Nanoporous optical materials for the inscription can elevate the sensing ability of such waveguides to higher standards. The waveguides were fabricated by a single-scan approach with femtosecond laser pulses in the densification mode, which resulted in the formation of a core and cladding. Experimental studies revealed three types of waveguides and quantified the refractive index contrast (up to Δn = 1.2·10−2) accompanied with ~1.2 dB/cm insertion losses. The waveguides demonstrated the sensitivity to small objects captured by the nanoporous framework. We noticed that the deposited ethanol molecules (3 µL) on the PG surface influence the waveguide optical properties indicating the penetration of the molecule to its cladding. Continuous monitoring of the output near field intensity distribution allowed us to determine the response time (6 s) of the waveguide buried at 400 µm below the glass surface. We found that the minimum distinguishable change of the refractive index contrast is 2 × 10−4. The results obtained pave the way to consider the waveguides inscribed into PG as primary transducers for sensor applications.

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Femtosecond laser-based processing methods and their applications in optical device manufacturing: A review

Cited by 90 publications

References 122 publications

Femtosecond Laser Densification of Hydrogels to Generate Customized Volume Diffractive Gratings

Femtosecond Laser Densification of Hydrogels to Generate Customized Volume Diffractive Gratings

Artificial Hyper Compound Eyes Enable Variable-Focus Imaging on both Curved and Flat Surfaces

Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework

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