Femtosecond Laser Densification of Hydrogels to Generate Customized Volume Diffractive Gratings

Xiong, Zheng; Poudel, Arun; Narkar, Ameya; Zhang, Zhe; Kunwar, Puskal; Henderson, James H.; Soman, Pranav

doi:10.1021/acsami.2c04589

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are indispensable for numerous devices, such as holographic elements or spatial light modulators, which are widely used for beam shaping, 3D imaging, 3D projection, phase microscopy, and optical tweezing applications. − Fabricating DOEs away from the surface, deep inside the material, provides a new degree of freedom toward increasing device efficiencies and also introducing new functionalities . Such systems would be resilient to surface damage and, more importantly, enable truly-3D optical systems through controlled modulation of optical index in 3D.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Efficiency Multilevel Volume Diffraction Gratings inside Silicon

Bütün,

Saylan,

Asgari Sabet

et al. 2023

ACS Mater. Au

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Silicon (Si)-based integrated photonics is considered to play a pivotal role in multiple emerging technologies, including telecommunications, quantum computing, and lab-chip systems. Diverse functionalities are either implemented on the wafer surface (“on-chip”) or recently within the wafer (“in-chip”) using laser lithography. However, the emerging depth degree of freedom has been exploited only for single-level devices in Si. Thus, monolithic and multilevel discrete functionality is missing within the bulk. Here, we report the creation of multilevel, high-efficiency diffraction gratings in Si using three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear laser lithography. To boost device performance within a given volume, we introduce the concept of effective field enhancement at half the Talbot distance, which exploits self-imaging onto discrete levels over an optical lattice. The novel approach enables multilevel gratings in Si with a record efficiency of 53%, measured at 1550 nm. Furthermore, we predict a diffraction efficiency approaching 100%, simply by increasing the number of levels. Such volumetric Si-photonic devices represent a significant advance toward 3D-integrated monolithic photonic chips.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Efficiency Multilevel Volume Diffraction Gratings inside Silicon

Bütün,

Saylan,

Asgari Sabet

et al. 2023

ACS Mater. Au

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“…Xiong et al fabricated tunable volume diffractive gratings by using FsLDW strategy and a partially crosslinked phenylboronic acid hydrogel, which mainly resulted from femtosecond laser densificationinduced variations of local refractive index in pH-responsive hydrogel. When exposed to different surrounding pH values, the prepared hydrogel-based subsurface line gratings would swell, inducing grating period changes and subsequently distance changes between the first order maxima of projected diffraction patterns (figure 16(e)) [274].…”

Section: Optical Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond laser direct writing of functional stimulus-responsive structures and applications

Zhang,

Wu,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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Diverse natural organisms possess stimulus-responsive structures to adapt to the surrounding environment. Inspired by nature, researchers have developed various smart stimulus-responsive structures with adjustable properties and functions to address the demands of ever-changing application environments that are becoming more intricate. Among many fabrication methods for stimulus-responsive structures, femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) has received increasing attention because of its high precision, simplicity, true three-dimensional machining ability, and wide applicability to almost all materials. This paper systematically outlines state-of-the-art research on stimulus-responsive structures prepared by FsLDW. Based on the introduction of femtosecond laser-matter interaction and mainstream FsLDW-based manufacturing strategies, different stimulating factors that can trigger structural responses of prepared intelligent structures, such as magnetic field, light, temperature, pH, and humidity, are emphatically summarized. Various applications of functional structures with stimuli-responsive dynamic behaviors fabricated by FsLDW, as well as the present obstacles and forthcoming development opportunities, are discussed.

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“…Biological hydrogel materials, exhibiting 3D cross-linked networks of hydrophiolic polymers, [29] have been extensively used to construct "smart" optical devices through stimulatedresponse features, including micro-optical devices, [30][31][32] optical waveguides, [19,33] biosensing, [34,35] and bioactuators, and others. [36] Different methods including lithography, [32] photoinduced 3D printing, [37,38] and FsLDW technologies [18,28,31,36,39] have been reported to fabricate micro-and nanoscale 3D/MD or tunable optical devices based on hydrogel materials or changing the RI. [40] Herein, the FsLDW lithography was used to construct a stimulated-response micro-optical element, achieving a quantitative RI test and customization of the optical 3D-printing microstructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond‐Laser Direct‐Writing Hydrogel‐Based Microlens Arrays Customized with Multi‐Dimensional Optical Configurations for Information Encryption

Li,

Shi,

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Technologies

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Femtosecond‐laser direct‐writing lithography prints tunable 3D micro/nano‐scale optical devices based on hydrogel materials have garnered significant attention owing to their use in optical applications. Although the refractive index (RI) is an important parameter of optical devices, a quantitative measurement to determine that of femtosecond‐laser‐induced microstructures is lacking. This study proposes a novel method to measure the RI change of a tunable hydrogel device in different environments using a femtosecond‐laser‐customized multidimensional grating. As hydrogels can be tuned by changing the pH values, the specific RI changes of a hydrogel are first quantitatively investigated with different pH values such that the proposed method can be employed to precisely control the dynamic and tunable optical performance of hydrogel optical devices. To this end, a 3D hydrogel microlens array (HMA) with variable focal lengths is designed and manufactured to verify its dynamic and tunable optical performances. The HMA displays reversible and tunable imaging capabilities, confirming its application in information encryption. As a proof of concept, a customized sequence of letters “CFAE” is successfully obtained as the “output” by assigning the pre‐set pH values as the “code” and the original letter sequence as the “input.”

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Femtosecond Laser Densification of Hydrogels to Generate Customized Volume Diffractive Gratings

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

High-Efficiency Multilevel Volume Diffraction Gratings inside Silicon

High-Efficiency Multilevel Volume Diffraction Gratings inside Silicon

Femtosecond laser direct writing of functional stimulus-responsive structures and applications

Femtosecond‐Laser Direct‐Writing Hydrogel‐Based Microlens Arrays Customized with Multi‐Dimensional Optical Configurations for Information Encryption

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