Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic–organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics

Serbin, Jesper; Egbert, A.; Ostendorf, Andreas; Chichkov, Boris N.; Houbertz, R.; Domann, Gerhard; Schulz, J.; Cronauer, C.; Fröhlich, L.; Popall, Michael

doi:10.1364/ol.28.000301

Cited by 570 publications

(397 citation statements)

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“…MPP was first developed by Strickler and Webb, [62] and has now been used to create a range of high-resolution 3D free-form structures, including microchannels, [63][64][65] cantilevers, [66][67][68] microgears, [69,70] sub-micrometer oscillators, [71] hydrophobic atomic force microscopy tips, [72] and PhCs. [59,67,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81] Briefly, MPP utilizes the nonlinear nature of the multiphoton excitation process to only excite dye molecules in a very small volume around the focal point, with dimensions on the order of the resolution limit. These excited dye molecules locally initiate a polymerization.…”

Section: Direct Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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Public Reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comment regarding this burden estimates or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188,) Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY ( Leave Blank)2. REPORT DATE Advanced Materials, 18, 2665-2678 (2006). 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) and photonic bandgap (PBG) materials have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. In order to provide functionality to PhCs, the introduction of controlled defects is necessary; the importance of defects in PhCs is comparable to that of dopants in semiconductors. Over the past few years, significant advances have been achieved through a diverse set of fabrication techniques. While for some routes to 3D PhCs, such as conventional lithography, the incorporation of defects is relatively straightforward; other methods, for example, selfassembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) or holography, require new external methods for defect incorporation. In this review, we will cover the state of the art in the design and fabrication of defects within 3D PhCs. The figure displays a fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy image of a y-splitter defect formed through two-photon polymerization within a CC. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 1416. PRICE CODE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OR REPORT UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ON THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL IntroductionPhotonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light [1] and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov [2] but remained relatively unknown until the seminal work of Yablonovitch [3] and John. [4] In a rough analogy to semiconductors, which possess an electronic bandgap, a PBG material prohibits the existence of photons with energies in the PBG. PhCs are naturally classified by the dimensionality of their periodicity, and in order to rigorously prevent the propagation of PBG frequencies in all directions, a 3D PhC with an omnidirectional, or complete PBG (cPBG) is required. cPBG materials have been fabricated and well characterized for operation at microwave and radio frequencies, however, operation in the visible and IR requires the characteristic length scales of these structures to be scaled down by several orders of magnitude...

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Section: Direct Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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“…However, to the best of the knowledge, the study reported here is the first demonstration of micropillar arrays fabricated by the direct photopatterning of a photocurable hybrid sol-gel thin film. In light of advances made in the synthesis of non-shrinking photocurable hybrid sol-gel materials (Ovsianikov et al 2008) and associated microfabrication techniques (Serbin et al 2003;Ovsianikov et al 2007), it is expected that photocurable hybrid sol-gel materials will receive renewed attention for the fabrication of a range of micropillar-based optical and/or microfluidic platforms including platforms for liquid chromatography (De Malsche et al 2007). …”

Section: Characterisation Of Sol-gel Microfabricated Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and characterisation of integrated microfluidics on waveguide-based photonic platforms fabricated from hybrid materials

Copperwhite

O’Sullivan

Boothman

et al. 2011

Microfluid Nanofluid

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“…In this report, the lateral spatial resolution was as high as approximately 100 nm, which is below the diffraction limit. After their works, various three-dimensional micro-sculptures such as Venus statues (Serbin et al, 2003), an opera house (Straub, 2004), jars (Park et al, 2005), and gears (Sun et al, 2004) have been demonstrated using this nonlinear lithographic technique. Functional devices such as full three-dimensional photonic crystals (Deubel et al, 2004), plasmonic elements (Reinhardt et al, 2006) and optically-driven microsystems (Maruo et al, 2003) were also reported.…”

Section: Femtosecond Laser Nonlinear Lithographymentioning

confidence: 99%