“…As a result, various new laser sources, including ultrafast laser sources (e.g., picosecond, femtosecond, and attosecond laser), ultraviolet laser sources (e.g., excimer laser and harmonics of solid state laser), and low-cost laser sources (e.g., diode laser and fiber laser), become available. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The formation mechanism of LIPSS, formed on a material surface, has been described from different physical perspectives. [3][4][5][6][7][8] In recent years, the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) and nanostructure-covered LIPSS (NC-LIPSS), based on femtosecond lasers, has been reported in detail by many researchers on different materials: glasses, [9][10][11] indium tin oxide (ITO), 12 indium phosphide (InP), 13 and metals.…”