FENOLOGI PEMBUNGAAN DAN KELIMPAHAN POPULASI KEPIK Diconocoris hewetti (DIST.) (HEMIPTERA: TINGIDAE) PADA PERTANAMAN LADA

Abstract

ABSTRAK<br />Kepik renda lada (KRL), Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera:<br />Tingidae) adalah salah satu hama pada pertanaman lada di Indonesia.<br />Hama ini selalu hadir pada perbungaan lada dan bulir bunga lada dengan<br />jalan mengisap cairan bunga sebelum menjadi buah. Serangan nimfa dan<br />imago pada bunga dan bulir bunga akan mengakibatkan perubahan warna<br />bunga dari hijau kekuningan menjadi cokelat atau hitam. Penelitian ini<br />bertujuan untuk mengetahui fenologi pembungaan, kelimpahan populasi<br />KRL, dan tingkat kerusakan bunga pada pertanaman lada. Kelimpahan dan<br />fenologi pembungaan lada menentukan kelimpahan populasi KRL.<br />Penelitian dilakukan di kebun petani, di Desa Air Anyir, Kecamatan<br />Merawang, Kabupaten Bangka Induk, dari Mei 2003 sampai dengan Mei<br />2004, dan di Desa Puput, Kecamatan Simpang Katis Kabupaten Bangka<br />Tengah, dari Oktober 2003 sampai dengan Mei 2004. Luas lahan<br />percobaan masing-masing sekitar 5000 m 2 yang sudah ditanami lada<br />varietas Chunuk di Air Anyir dan varietas Lampung Daun Lebar (LDL) di<br />Puput. Umur tanaman masing-masing sekitar 5 tahun. Jumlah pohon<br />contoh di setiap lokasi 24 pohon. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap minggu<br />dengan cara menghitung langsung KRL yang ada pada bulir bunga, serta<br />banyaknya bunga yang terserang. Pada percobaan lainnya dilakukan<br />pengamatan terhadap perkembangan bulir bunga serta tingkat keguguran<br />fisiologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola pembungaan lada<br />varietas Chunuk dan LDL mengikuti pola curah hujan. Rataan banyaknya<br />bulir bunga berkisar antara 2,63-120,59 tandan per pohon pada varietas<br />Chunuk, sedangkan pada varietas LDL antara 4,79-153,84 tandan per<br />pohon. Masa perkembangan bulir bunga fase-1 berlangsung 16,6 hari,<br />fase-2 berlangsung 7,6 hari, dan fase-3 berlangsung 6,4 hari. Tidak<br />semua bulir bunga dan buah muda berhasil menjadi buah siap dipanen<br />(23,14% pada Chunuk mengalami keguguran fisiologis). Keguguran<br />paling banyak terjadi pada bulir bunga yang berumur 4-5 minggu<br />(17,62%). Rataan kelimpahan kepik renda lebih tinggi (0,042-1,375<br />ekor/pohon) pada varietas LDL dibandingkan pada varietas Chunuk<br />(0,042-0,333 ekor/pohon), terutama selama periode November hingga<br />April. Perkembangan populasi kepik renda pada varietas LDL meningkat<br />(1,375 ekor/pohon) selama bulan November hingga Februari, berhubungan<br />dengan banyaknya bulir bunga yang tersedia pada periode tersebut.<br />Berdasarkan nisbah ragam terhadap rataan (s 2 /m), populasi kepik D.<br />hewetti umumnya memperlihatkan pola sebaran acak, sedangkan pada saat<br />populasi tinggi (1,375 ekor/pohon) memperlihatkan pola sebaran<br />bergerombol. Persentase bulir bunga terserang pada varietas Chunuk<br />berkisar antara 0,06-3,85%, sedangkan pada varietas LDL berkisar antara<br />0,34-17,72%. Terdapat hubungan linear varietas Chunuk dan LDL (r =<br />0,87 dan 0,78) yang nyata antara kelimpahan populasi D. hewetti dan<br />kerusakan bunga. Varietas LDL lebih rentan dibandingkan dengan varietas<br />Chunuk. Pengendalian KRL dapat dilakukan pada awal pembentukan<br />bunga yaitu sejak November.<br />Kata kunci: Lada, Piper nigrum L., hama, kepik renda lada, Diconocoris<br />hewetti (Dist.), kerusakan bunga, kelimpahan populasi,<br />Bangka Belitung<br />ABSTRACT<br />Flowering phenology and population abundance of<br />pepper lace bug, Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera:<br />Tingidae) on pepper plantation<br />Pepper lace bug (PLB), Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera :<br />Tingidae) is one of the insect pests attacking pepper in Indonesia. This<br />insect pest always presents and causes damage to the spikes of pepper<br />inflorescence. The research was conducted to study the flowering<br />phenology of Chunuk and LDL varieties and population abundance of<br />PLB on pepper plantation. The abundance and inflorescence phenology of<br />pepper determined PLB abundance. The research was conducted in farmer<br />fields in Air Anyir Village, Sub District of Merawang from May 2003 to<br />May 2004 and Puput Village, Sub District of Simpang Katis, Bangka<br />Islands, from October 2003 to May 2004. The acreage of the experiment<br />was about 5000 m 2 for each location with 5 years old of Chunuk and LDL<br />varieties in Air Anyir and Puput, respectively. Number of plant samples<br />were 24 plants for each location. Observation were done every week, for<br />the population of PLB, the spike and flower damage. Another experiment<br />was done to study the develop-ment stage of inflorescence and floral loss<br />physiology. The result indicated that flowering phenology of Chunuk and<br />LDL varieties followed the rainfall pattern. The mean number of spike on<br />Chunuk variety varied between 2.63 – 120.59, while that on LDL variety<br />were 4.79 – 153.84 spikes per tree. The developments period of spikes<br />were 16.6; 7.6 and 6.4 days for stages 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Not all the<br />spikes became young berries and could be harvested, since there were<br />23.14% inflorescence of the Chunuk variety floral loss naturally. Floral<br />loss occurred mostly when the spikes were 4-5 weeks old (17.62%). The<br />mean number of lace bug density was higher on LDL(0.042-1.375<br />bug/tree) than on Chunuk (0.042-0.333 bugs/tree), especially during<br />November until April. D. hewetti population increased during November-<br />February (1.375 bugs/tree), and it was related to the increase in spikes<br />during that time. Based on variance-mean ratio (S 2 /m), D. hewetti<br />population generally showed a random distribution, but a clumped<br />distribution when population density increased (1.375 bugs/tree). The<br />percentage of inflorescence damage was between 0.06-3.85% on Chunuk,<br />while on LDL was 0.34-17.2%. There is a linear correlation between PLB<br />and spike damage (r = 0.87 and 0.78 on Chunuk and LDL respectively).<br />LDL variety was more susceptible than Chunuk variety. The study implies<br />that controlling PLB has to be done on the beginning of inflorescence in<br />November.<br />Key words: Pepper, Piper nigrum L., insect pest, pepper lace bug,<br />Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.), spike damage, population<br />abundance, Bangka Belitung

Study on Ferrisia virgata and Planococcus minor as vectors of mottle disease in black pepper

“…Therefore population of Pl. minor and F. virgata were counted directly from the stem base to a plant height of about 150 cm [12,18].…”

“…Many factors, among others are weather conditions and pesticide application, influence the potential of insect vectors as an important component to disease development. Therefore, research on insect population dynamics in the plantation is needed to study the effectiveness of insecticides to control the insect population and to determine how weather conditions such as temperature and rainfall will influence insect population [11,12,13]. Furthermore, the correlation between insect population with disease incidence can be studied by monitoring viruliferous insects in the field [14].…”