Fermentation by Lactobacillus enhances anti-inflammatory effect of Oyaksungisan on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells

Abstract

BackgroundOyaksungisan (OY) has been used as a traditional drug in east-Asian countries. However, its effect on inflammation still remains unknown. In this study, to provide insight into the biological effects of OY and OY fermented by Lactobacillus, we investigated their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells.MethodsThe investigation was focused on whether OY and fermented OYs could inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E2 as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.ResultsWe found that OY inhibits a little LPS-induced NO, PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6 productions as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Interestingly, the fermentation significantly increased its inhibitory effect on the expression of all pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, the fermented OYs exhibited elevated inhibition on the translocation of NF-κB p65 through reduced IκBα degradation as well as the phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs than untreated control or original OY.ConclusionsFinally, the fermentation by Lactobacillus potentiates the anti-inflammatory effect of OY by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK activity in the macrophage cells.

Flavonoids isolated from Citrus platymamma induce mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in AGS cells by modulation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways

“…Flavonoids are naturally occurring botanical polyphenols present in plant foods and can safely modulate the physiological function and enhance the anticancer activity against various human cancer cell lines (21). Furthermore, the pharmacological activities of FCP against inflammation, allergies, viruses, cancer, and other ailments have been reported (22). In addition, flavonoids and polyphenols from various herbal plants such as Scutellaria baicalensis G., Lonicera japonica T. exhibit antiinflammatory and anticancer activities by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines (23,24).…”

Sodium houttuyfonate inhibits inflammation by blocking the MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways in bovine endometrial epithelial cells

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“…Likewise, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) isolated from L. plantarum has been shown to significantly inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α production [24]. Similarly, fermentation by Lactobacillus enhances inhibition of LPS-induced NO, PGE 2 , TNF-α and IL-6 production by abrogating the activities of NF-κB and MAPK [25]. In addition, pre-treatment with Lactobacillus acidophilus has an anti-inflammation effect, reducing IL-8 and TNF-α secretion by inactivating the NF-κB pathway [26].…”

“…Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines is a well-known property of probiotics, especially LAB. Specifically, LAB including L. plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus strongly inhibit the potential activity of inflammatory mediators, inflammation associated cytokines, and related signaling pathways [22][23][24][25][26]. L. paracasei accelerates the abrogate the release of substance P-induced TNF-α expression [34].…”