Fermented Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Supplementation in the Prevention of HPV-Induced Cervical Cancer: From Mechanisms to Clinical Outcomes

Abstract

In the observational clinical study, we identified the oxidative markers of HPV-associated cervical carcinogenesis and the local/circulating ligands of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Cervical biopsies of 196 females infected with low-cancer-risk HPV10/13 or high-cancer-risk HPV16/18 (healthy, pre-cancerous CIN I and CIN II, and CIN III carcinoma) were analysed for OH radical scavenging, catalase, GSH-peroxidase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrate/nitrite, nitrotyrosine, and isoprostane. Ligands of TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis (TNF-alpha, TRAIL, IL-2, and sFAS) were determined in cervical fluid, biopsies, and serum. Cervical MPO was highly enhanced, while nitrotyrosine decreased in CIN III. Local/circulating TRAIL was remarkably decreased, and higher-than-control serum TNF-alpha and IL-2 levels were found in the CIN I and CIN III groups. Then, 250 females infected with HPV16/18 (healthy and with CIN I and CIN II) were recruited into a placebo-controlled clinical study of supplementation with fermented mangosteen (FM, 28g/day, daily) for three months. Post-trial colposcopy revealed normal patterns in 100% of the FM group versus 62% of the placebo group. Inflammatory cells in cervical fluid were found in 21% of the FM group versus 40% of the placebo group. Locally, FM drastically diminished MPO and NO2/NO3, while it remarkably increased TRAIL. Additionally, FM supplementation normalised serum TRAIL, TNF-alpha, and IL-2.

Biomolecules of Fermented Tropical Fruits and Fermenting Microbes as Regulators of Human Hair Loss, Hair Quality, and Scalp Microbiota

“…Standardized fermented tropical fruits papaya ( Carica papaya L.) and mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana Linn.) syrups of food grade [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ] were used as active ingredients for hair care cosmetic products (they are classified as raw materials for cosmetics by the International Cosmetic Ingredient Index (INCI)). Their concentrations in the experimental lotion were equal to 2.0% w / w for each fermented fruit, and caffeine concentration was 0.5% w / w (lotion’s internal code, MEDENA-1324-HL).…”

“…Fermented tropical fruits, such as papaya, noni, mangosteen, pineapple, berries, etc., seem to be a unique source of both plant-derived low molecular weight biomolecules (secondary metabolites) and fermenting microbe-associated actives with pro- and prebiotic properties [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Plant-derived secondary metabolites (polyphenols/terpenes/alkaloids) and microbial exometabolites/membrane components of fermented tropical fruits are known as highly bioavailable biomolecules causing skin and hair improving effects—antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory antidiabetic, antiacne, skin/hair microbiota balancing, hair growth-promoting, and hair loss-inhibiting [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. The molecular/cellular mechanisms of these health effects have been intensely studied in in vitro and in vivo preclinical experiments.…”