We report on the frequency and stress dependence of the direct piezoelectric d 33 coefficient in BiFeO 3 ceramics. The measurements reveal considerable piezoelectric nonlinearity, i.e., dependence of d 33 on the amplitude of the dynamic stress. The nonlinear response suggests a large irreversible contribution of non-180° domain walls to the piezoelectric response of the ferrite, which, at present measurement conditions, reached a maximum of 38% of the total measured d 33 . In agreement with this interpretation, both types of non-180° domain walls, characteristic for the rhombohedral BiFeO 3 , i.e., 71° and 109°, were identified in the poled ceramics using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In support to the link between nonlinearity and non-180° domain wall contribution, we found a correlation between nonlinearity and processes leading to deppining of domain walls from defects, such as quenching from above the Curie temperature and high-temperature sintering. In addition, the nonlinear piezoelectric response of BiFeO 3 showed a frequency dependence that is 2 qualitatively different from that measured in other nonlinear ferroelectric ceramics, such as "soft" (donor-doped) Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT), i.e., in the case of the BiFeO 3 large nonlinearities were observed only at low field frequencies (<0.1 Hz); possible origins of this dispersion are discussed. Finally, we show that, once released from pinning centers, the domain walls can contribute extensively to the electromechanical response of BiFeO 3 ; in fact, the extrinsic domain-wall contribution is relatively as large as in Pb-based ferroelectric ceramics with morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition, such as PZT. This finding might be important in the search of new lead-free MPB compositions based on BiFeO 3 as it suggests that such compositions might also exhibit large extrinsic domain-wall contribution to the piezoelectric response. a) Electronic mail: tadej.rojac@ijs.si 3