Ferroelectric nanodomain engineering at the −Z face of lithium niobate single crystals

Piezoresponse force spectroscopy of ferroelectric-semiconductor materials

“…11,12 Further progress in these fields necessitates fundamental studies of ferroelectric domain structures and dynamics and polarization-switching phenomena on the nanoscale. In the last decade, the invention of piezoresponse force microscopy [13][14][15][16][17] ͑PFM͒ has enabled sub-10 nm resolution imaging of crystallographic and molecular orientations, surface termination, and domain structures in ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials. In materials with switchable polarization, the smallest domain size reported to date is 5 nm and local polarization patterning down to 8 nm has been demonstrated.…”

Recording and Reproduction in Ultrahigh-Density Ferroelectric Medium LiTaO3 through Lubricant Layer

“…1,2) In our FPM, the reproduction of data from a ferroelectric recording medium follows the principle of the scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM) that enables the evaluation of the direction of polarization with high resolution. [3][4][5] Probe tips contact with the ferroelectric recording medium while data are recorded and reproduced. [6][7][8] Although the contact force, which ranges from several tens to a few hundreds of nN, is very small, it cannot be disregarded because FPM is a rewritable storage and a lot of scanning repetitions are assumed.…”