Fertility and mortality patterns of captive Bornean and Sumatran orangutans: is there a species difference in life history?

Anderson, Holly Beth; Thompson, Melissa Emery; Knott, Cheryl D.; Perkins, Lori

doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.05.014

Cited by 44 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…It remains to be seen whether or not this consistency between rehabilitant and wild P. p. morio IBI holds as more robust data sets become available. Anderson et al (2008) found similar results in their study of life history parameters among zoo orangutans: both captive Sumatran and captive Bornean orangutans had shorter IBIs than in the wild. It is safe to assume that orangutans in zoos are receiving high-quality diets.…”

Section: Interbirth Intervalsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Chi-squared analyses show that the infant mortality rate for all mothers at Camp Leakey is not significantly different from that for captive Pongo pygmaeus (21 %, Anderson et al 2008; v 2 = 0.02, df = 1, p [ 0.05). However, infant mortality at Camp Leakey was significantly lower than that among the provisioned rehabilitant population at Sepilok (58 %, Kuze et al 2012; Pearson's chi-squared test, v 2 = 10.62, df = 1, p \ 0.001), where over half of all infants did not survive past their third year.…”

Section: Infant Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Key to the ecological life history hypothesis is the idea that these differences in life history evolve over long time periods and become intrinsic to the species. However, studies of captive orangutans (e.g., Anderson et al 2008;Wich et al 2009) have not demonstrated slower life histories between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. Geographic variations in orangutan behavior, morphology, and life history may therefore be better explained by differing immediate factors such as phenotypic plasticity, predation pressure, degree of arboreality, and/or ease of disease transmission among different orangutan populations (Wich et al 2004;van Schaik et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within species and subspecies, life history parameters can also be used as a means of establishing interpopulation differences and comparing the effects of differing environmental conditions on populations of orangutans (Wich et al 2004;Anderson et al 2008). Correlations between a population's life history parameters and factors relating to its environment have been observed across taxa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, based on this hypothesis, it would be expected that orangutan populations that experience the greatest consistency of availability of high-quality foods would have significantly earlier ages at first reproduction and shorter IBIs than orangutan populations that are more often forced to rely on low-quality fallback foods such as bark. Studies that have compared the reproductive parameters between Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii populations living under similar ecological conditions (captivity: Anderson et al 2008;Wich et al 2009) have found greater evidence in support of the ecological energetics hypothesis than the ecological life history hypothesis. It seems that improving the nutritional condition of orangutans lowers ages at first reproduction and shortens IBIs to the extent that the apparent differences between P. pygmaeus and P. abelii are no longer observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive parameters of female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) 1971–2011, a 40-year study at Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Galdikas

Ashbury

2012

Primates

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This study presents reproductive parameter data gathered by direct observation over a 40-year period (1971-2011) of the provisioned free-ranging population of orangutans at Camp Leakey in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Age at first reproduction, interbirth interval (IBI), sex ratio at birth, and infant mortality for 19 female orangutans (11 first-generation wild-born ex-captive mothers and 8 second-generation mothers) are included in this analysis. Age at first reproduction among the first-generation mothers was similar to that among wild orangutans, while second-generation mothers had a significantly earlier age at first reproduction. IBIs were similar among first-and second-generation mothers and were significantly shorter than those recorded in studies of wild orangutan populations. There was an expected male-biased sex ratio at birth and a slightly higher than expected rate of infant mortality when compared to wild populations. Infant mortality was primarily seen among second-generation mothers who gave birth before the age of 12, and among first births of some first-generation mothers. These results lend support to the ecological energetics hypothesis, which predicts that increased diet quality leads to a faster rate of reproduction. Abstract This study presents reproductive parameter data gathered by direct observation over a 40-year period of the provisioned free-ranging population of orangutans at Camp Leakey in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Age at first reproduction, interbirth interval (IBI), sex ratio at birth, and infant mortality for 19 female orangutans (11 first-generation wild-born ex-captive mothers and 8 second-generation mothers) are included in this analysis. Age at first reproduction among the first-generation mothers was similar to that among wild orangutans, while second-generation mothers had a significantly earlier age at first reproduction. IBIs were similar among first-and second-generation mothers and were significantly shorter than those recorded in studies of wild orangutan populations. There was an expected male-biased sex ratio at birth and a slightly higher than expected rate of infant mortality when compared to wild populations. Infant mortality was primarily seen among second-generation mothers who gave birth before the age of 12, and among first births of some first-generation mothers. These results lend support to the ecological energetics hypothesis, which predicts that increased diet quality leads to a faster rate of reproduction.

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Section: Interbirth Intervalsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Infant Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Reproductive parameters of female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) 1971–2011, a 40-year study at Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Galdikas

Ashbury

2012

Primates

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Captive and wild orangutan (Pongo sp.) survivorship: a comparison and the influence of management

Wich¹,

Shumaker²,

Perkins

et al. 2009

American J Primatol

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For managers of captive populations it is important to know whether their management provides a species with the physical and social environment that maximizes its survivorship. To determine this, survivorship comparisons with wild populations and long-term evaluations of captive populations are important. Here we provide both for orangutans. We show that survivorship has increased during the past 60 years for captive orangutan populations in zoos. In addition, we show that survivorship of captive orangutans in the past used to be lower than for wild orangutans, but that for recently born (1986-2005) orangutans survivorship is not significantly different from the wild. This indicates that captive management in the past was suboptimal for orangutan survivorship, but that modern management of captive orangutans has increased their survivorship. We discuss the possible factors of modern management that could have influenced this.

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Variability in the developmental life history of the genusGorilla

Stoinski

Perdue

Breuer

et al. 2013

American J Phys Anthropol

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Life history is influenced by factors both intrinsic (e.g., body and relative brain size) and extrinsic (e.g., diet, environmental instability) to organisms. In this study, we examine the prediction that energetic risk influences the life history of gorillas. Recent comparisons suggest that the more frugivorous western lowland gorilla shows increased infant dependence, and thus a slower life history, than the primarily folivorous mountain gorilla to buffer against the risk of starvation during periods of food unpredictability. We further tested this hypothesis by incorporating additional life history data from wild western lowland gorillas and captive western lowland gorillas with the assumption that the latter live under ecological conditions of energetic risk that more closely resemble those of mountain gorillas and thus should show faster life histories than wild members of the species. Overall, we found captive western lowland and wild mountain gorillas to have faster developmental life histories than wild western lowland gorillas, weaning their infants approximately a year earlier and thus reducing interbirth intervals by a year. These results provide support that energetic risk plays an important role in determining gorilla life history. Unlike previous assertions, gorillas do not have substantially faster life histories, at least at the genus level, than other great apes. This calls for a re-evaluation of theories concerning comparative ape life history and evolution and highlights the need for data from additional populations that vary in energetic risk.

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Fertility and mortality patterns of captive Bornean and Sumatran orangutans: is there a species difference in life history?

Cited by 44 publications

References 47 publications

Reproductive parameters of female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) 1971–2011, a 40-year study at Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Reproductive parameters of female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) 1971–2011, a 40-year study at Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Captive and wild orangutan (Pongo sp.) survivorship: a comparison and the influence of management

Variability in the developmental life history of the genusGorilla

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