Fertilization and Immunity

Tyler, Albert

doi:10.1152/physrev.1948.28.2.180

Cited by 136 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…Specificity was used experimentally by Townes and Holtfreter (5), Moscona (6), and Steinberg (7) to describe the histotypic sorting out processes that occur within aggregates. This specificity has been proposed to fit the Weiss-Tyler model for cellular recognition (19,20) which proposed that complementary cell-surface molecules analogous to antigen-antibody complexes are responsible for specificity. Although lock-and-key interactions such as antigen-antibody complex formation or lectin-carbohydrate binding proceed at 40C, adhesive interactions usually have not been detected at this temperature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intercellular recognition: quantitation of initial binding events.

McClay¹,

Wessel²,

Marchase³

1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

217

141

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The hypothesis that intercellular adhesion can be subdivided into two separable phenomena-an initial recognition event and a subsequent stabilization-is supported by the use of a cell binding assay that provides a quantitative measure of intercellular binding strengths. Radioactive single cells are brought into contact with cell monolayers at 40C in sealed compartments. The compartments are inverted and a centrifugal force is then applied to dislodge the probe cells from the monolayers. By varying the speed of centrifugation, the force maintaining associations between embryonic chicken neural retina cells was determined to be on the order of 10-5 dyne. Topographic specificities of single neural retina cells for retinal monolayers from various regions of the retina were detected with this assay and corresponded to those observed in more traditional assays at 37C. Also observed were two time-and temperature-dependent stabilization processes in which the force required for dislodgment increased. One of the stabilization processes was sensitive to dinitrophenol and was inactive at 4TC; the second was still active in metabolically blocked cells. The metabolic-dependent process resulted in interactions at least 13 times as strong as the initial binding. The metabolic-independent process resulted in about a 2-fold increase in binding strength and had a temperature dependence similar to that of membrane diffusional phenomena.Precise cellular interactions play an essential role in the assembly of tissues during embryogenesis and are attributed, in part, to adhesive specificities (1). Studies by Umbreit and Roseman (2) on embryonic chicken tissues in vitro suggested that cell adhesion could be subdivided into an initial reversible phase and a subsequent stabilizing process. Reversible adhesions were characterized by their dissociation by small fluid shear forces. The stabilizing process was strongly dependent on time and temperature and led to more permanent bonds between cells.Data obtained by using a newly developed cell binding assay support these results and suggest that interactions determining recognition specificity take place during the reversible phase ofcell interactions. In addition, the assay provides a quantitative measure of intercellular binding strengths. Radioactive probe cells are brought into contact with monolayers in sealed compartments by a low centrifugal force. The compartments are then inverted in the centrifuge and the force required to dislodge the probe cells from the monolayers is determined. Probe cells were found to bind at 4°C with a strength that resisted about 10' dyne of dislodgment force per cell and exhibited recognition specificity and sensitivity to trypsin and calcium. When the bound cells were incubated for 8 min at 37°C, the resistance to dislodgment was at least 13 times stronger than that of the associations formed at 4°C. This stabilization was dependent on the cells' being metabolically active.With metabolism inhibited, a second type of strengthening ofcell binding wa...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intercellular recognition: quantitation of initial binding events.

McClay¹,

Wessel²,

Marchase³

1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

217

141

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“…The possibility that females might exert physiological control over the probability of fertilization by certain sperm has been discussed for many years (Tyler 1948;Bedford 1965;Cohen 1969;Lloyd 1979). Studies in which females are inseminated by males of a closely related species (heterospecific crosses) often result in reduced fertilization, strongly suggesting that females possess mechanisms to discriminate between sperm from hetero-and conspecific males (Dobzhansky 1951;Hewitt et al 1989;Bella et al 1992;Robinson et al 1994).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cryptic Female Choice: Criteria for Establishing Female Sperm Choice

1998

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In this paper, I consider the criteria necessary to demonstrate the postcopulatory ability of females to favor the sperm of one conspecific male over another, that is, sperm choice. In practice it is difficult to distinguish between sperm competition and sperm choice, and sperm choice can be demonstrated only if the effects of sperm competition can be controlled. Few studies have used experimental protocols that do this, so evidence for sperm choice is limited. Moreover, in those studies in which sperm choice occurs, it does so to avoid incompatible genetic combinations and is therefore unlikely to result in directional sexual selection.

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“…This is important because it seems obvious that the amount of such dissolved jelly must be very small in the vicinity of freshly spawned eggs when fertilization occurs under natural conditions (see also TYLER, 1948). That, however, this small amount is highly effective in evoking the acrosome reaction has been shown by the thin-section studies of AFZELIUS (1956) and AFZELIUS and MURRAY (1957), who found that all the spermatozoa "swarming" around eggs fixed 2-4 minutes after insemination had undergone a reaction of the acrosome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Quantitative Aspects of the Acrosomal Reaction to Jelly Substance in the Sea Urchin

Haino¹,

Dan²

1961

Embryologia

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Although it has been known for some time from morphological evidence (DAN, 1952; AFZELIUS and MURRAY, 1957) that the acrosome of the sea urchin spermatozoon reacts to the presence of the jelly substance of its own species by forming a delicate process'], the only quantitative evidence bearing on this subject to be presented so far is that of COLLIER (1959). Working with Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, he found that about 60% of the spermatozoa suspended in a solution of jelly substance ("homologous fertilizin") underwent such a reaction, in contrast to about 10% of those suspended in sea water. His results also show that the percentages of reacting spermatozoa tend to increase as the concentration of fertilizin rises.Preliminary experiments performed on Hemicentrotus gametes in collaboration with E. NAXANO, and on gametes of Lytechinus variegatus, with C. B. METZ a t the Alligator Harbor Laboratory of Florida State University, indicate similar trends in these species. The experiments to be reported here are a continuation of that work; while they more or less repeat those of COLLIER, t h e authors feel that the confirmation of his results with different material sufficiently justifies their publication. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe sea urchins used were the regular urchins Pseudocentrotus

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Fertilization and Immunity

Cited by 136 publications

References 0 publications

Intercellular recognition: quantitation of initial binding events.

Intercellular recognition: quantitation of initial binding events.

Cryptic Female Choice: Criteria for Establishing Female Sperm Choice

Some Quantitative Aspects of the Acrosomal Reaction to Jelly Substance in the Sea Urchin

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