Fetal cell detection in maternal blood: A study in 236 samples using erythroblast morphology, DAB and Hbf staining, and FISH analysis

Fetal hemoglobin-expressing nucleated red blood cell frequencies in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction

“…Previous studies have shown that a proportion of the FHE-NRBC in maternal blood are of maternal origin (Oosterwijk et al,1998b). Thus, the interpretation of results obtained from immunocytochemistrybased detection of FHE cells in maternal blood must take this limitation into account.…”

Comparison of methods for erythroblast selection: Application to selecting fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood

“…Previous studies (2,15,36,38), using blood samples from nonpregnant women and/or adult men as controls, reported only 0 -60% of the control samples as having erythroblasts. Our results point out very clearly that there is a normal background of adult erythroblasts against which the fetal cells must be distinguished.…”

“…Oosterwijk et al (36), using blood samples from similar gestational ages but that had been drawn after chorionic villus sampling, used 30 ml of blood and a triple gradient; no antibody selection was used. They found erythroblasts in at best 83% of the samples (range 0 -320).…”

Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Abnormalities Using Fetal CD34+Stem Cells in Maternal Circulation and Evidence They Do Not Affect Diagnosis in Later Pregnancies

“…1-13), who had never been pregnant (Nos. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], and who were currently pregnant (Nos. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

“…Many strategies have been designed to improve the recovery, purity, and yield of these fetal cells from maternal blood, but the success rate varies considerably [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The major limitations to most of these techniques are the few fetal cells which can be sorted from maternal blood samples [19][20][21][22] and the lack of a specific fetal cell marker [23][24][25]. Furthermore, the hypothesized persistance of fetal cells such as lymphocytes and CD34 + /CD38 + cells in maternal blood for many years after delivery [26] has to date limited the application of these techniques as results in later pregnancies could be misleading.…”