Fetal cerebrovascular impedance is reduced in left congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract

Objectives Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) can cause a significant mass effect in the fetal thorax, displacing the heart into the opposite hemithorax. In left‐sided CDH (L‐CDH), this is associated with smaller left‐sided cardiac structures and reduced left‐ventricular cardiac output (LVCO). The effect of these physiologic changes on cerebral blood flow is not well understood. We sought to describe the middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI), a measure of cerebrovascular impedance, in fetuses with L‐CDH and those with right‐sided CDH (R‐CDH) compared with unaffected fetuses, and the relationship between MCA‐PI and LVCO. We hypothesized that MCA‐PI would be lower in fetuses with L‐CDH and similar in those with R‐CDH compared to controls, and that MCA‐PI would be correlated with LVCO. Methods We identified all fetuses with CDH evaluated at The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA from 2011 to 2018. Fetal echocardiograms and ultrasound scans were reviewed. Umbilical artery and MCA Doppler examinations were assessed to calculate pulsatility indices. Ventricular outputs were calculated using Doppler‐derived stroke volume and fetal heart rate. Lung‐to‐head ratio (LHR), estimated fetal weight, biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) were obtained from fetal sonograms. Measurements in fetuses with CDH, according to the side of the defect, were compared with those in unaffected, gestational age‐matched controls. A subset of CDH survivors had available data on neurodevelopmental outcome, as assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd edition. Results A total of 64 fetuses with CDH (L‐CDH, n = 53; R‐CDH, n = 11) comprised the study groups, with 27 unaffected fetuses serving as controls. Mean gestational age at evaluation was similar between the three groups. Compared to controls, fetuses with L‐CDH had significantly lower LVCO expressed as a percentage of combined cardiac output (CCO) (32%; 95% CI, 29–35% vs 38%; 95% CI, 33–42%; P = 0.04) and lower MCA‐PI Z‐score (−1.3; 95% CI, −1.7 to −1.0 vs 0.08; 95% CI, −0.5 to 0.6; P < 0.001), while they did not differ between the R‐CDH group and controls. There was a strong positive association between LVCO as a percentage of CCO and MCA‐PI Z‐score in the overall cohort of CDH and control fetuses (P = 0.01). BPD and HC were similar between the three groups. At neurodevelopmental follow‐up, mean cognitive, motor and language scores in the CDH group were within 1 SD of those in the general population. Conclusion MCA‐PI values are significantly lower in fetuses with L‐CDH as compared to controls, and lower LVCO was correlated with lower MCA vascular impedance. The neurodevelopmental effect of changes in MCA‐PI in response to decreased LVCO is unknown, although, on average, CDH survivors had neurodevelopmental scores in the normal range. This may reflect a fetal compensatory mechanism in response to diminished antegrade cerebral blood flow. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecol...

Prenatal cerebellar growth is altered in congenital diaphragmatic hernia on ultrasound

“…[9][10][11] The same mechanism may play a role in CDH; in this defect smaller left ventricular dimensions, and reduced left cardiac output have been reported. [12][13][14][15] The functional impact of these remains uncertain, yet we earlier observed a reduced cerebral perfusion, which was proportional to the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia. 15 Prenatal disease severity indicators, such as lung volume and liver position, have already earlier been linked to impaired neurodevelopment.…”

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Multiple studies reported on motoric deficits in CDH children. 7,16,17,19,33,37,38,41,42,45,47,56,58,60,68,74,75,83,85,88,91,93,94,109,113 Numbers range from 0% to 47%. Pooling of the data demonstrated that 14% (10%-19%) of children scored abnormal on motoric tests.…”

“…Language performance was reported in nine studies, all used the BSID 16,17,19,38,47,74,88,109,113 or the ASQ. Abnormal scores were reported in 9% (4%-15%).…”

“…Cognitive deficits were reported in 22 studies. 7,16,17,19,33,37,38,[40][41][42]47,63,74,75,80,83,88,94,109,[111][112][113] In total, 10% (7%-15%) of CDH children scored abnormal. The majority of these studies used BSID and if only BSID results were analyzed, 14% (8%-20%) of children scoring abnormally.…”

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: More than Just a Lung Problem

“…On prenatal ultrasound, peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery has been found to be lower in children with CDH [53]. In another report, the pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery was lower in CDH fetuses coinciding with reduced left cardiac output [54]. Also, in a large cohort of CDH foetuses, transcerebellar diameters were smaller in CDH foetuses, compared to normal towards the end of pregnancy, and this was correlated to the severity of the disease.…”