Fetal Erythrocytes in Maternal Circulation After Spontaneous Abortion

Litwak, Oscar; Taswell, Howard F.; Banner, Edward A.; Keith, Louis

doi:10.1097/00006254-197104000-00011

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Litwak et al were the first to suggest that all women undergoing spontaneous abortions, complete or incomplete, should receive Rh-prophylaxis (20). Jørgensen found Hb F red cells in 35% of women (n ¼ 55) with spontaneous abortion in the first and second trimester (7-21 weeks LMP) (18).…”

Section: Correlation Of Frequency and Amount Of Tph With Gestational Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Rh-prophylaxis in early abortion

Fiala

Fux

Danielsson

2003

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

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Section: Correlation Of Frequency and Amount Of Tph With Gestational Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Rh-prophylaxis in early abortion

Fiala

Fux

Danielsson

2003

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

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“…Studies have shown that fetal RBCs can be detected in the circulation of up to 32% of women after spontaneous abortion; in 26% of these patients, the volume of FMH was 0.05 mL or more. 32 Since the D antigen has been detected on RBCs of a 38-day-old fetus, 1 the potential for early Rh sensitization of the Rh-negative mother exists. The overall risk of Rh immunization after induced or spontaneous abortion is estimated to be between 3% and 6%, 33,34 although some calculate a risk as high as 10%.…”

Section: Pregnancy Termination (Abortion) and Ectopic Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Rh Immune Globulin: ASCP Practice Parameter

Hartwell

1998

Am J Clin Pathol

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A b s t r a c tThe use ofRh immune globulin (RhIG) The binding of maternal anti-D to the fetal RBCs often leads to extravascular hemolysis that ranges from minimal to extreme and this, in part, determines the severity of HDN. At its worst, the anemia leads to fetal hepatosplenomegaly, hydrops fetalis, heart failure, and death in utero or soon after birth.2 Infants who survive are at risk for the development of kernicterus and resultant neuronal damage.There is a dose-dependent relationship between the volume of Rh-positive RBCs to which the Rh-negative person is exposed and the incidence of Rh immunization, with volumes as small as 0.1 mL resulting in antibody formation.3 Consequently, the degree of fetomatemal hemorrhage (FMH) is an important consideration in the maternal development of anti-D. During a normal first-trimester pregnancy, approximately 3% of women have detectable fetal RBCs in their circulation, although, typically, this is less than 0.1 mL. 4 As pregnancy progresses, the frequency and volume of fetal RBCs in the maternal circulation increases, with 12% of women in the second trimester and 45% of women in the third trimester having detectable fetal RBCs in their circulation. 4 At the time of delivery, up to 50% of women delivering an ABO-compatible infant will have demonstrable circulating fetal RBCs. 5 Therefore, the major immunizing event for Rh-negative women occurs late in pregnancy and primarily at the time of delivery when

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“…Any situation that breaks the placental barrier can increase blood transfer and, as a consequence, FMH. A rupture in the coriodecidual interface that occurs in threatened miscarriages, miscarriages, pregnancy terminations, and ectopic pregnancies is associated with increased rates of fetal erythrocytes in maternal circulation [5][6][7]. Presence of an intrauterine hematoma (IUH) is a consequence of this rupture, and it has been reported in 4-39% of pregnancies [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal-Maternal Hemorrhage in First-Trimester Intrauterine Hematoma

et al. 2021

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Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the frequency and percentage of fetal hemoglobin (HbF%) by flow cytometry of (1) first-trimester asymptomatic patients with intrauterine hematoma (IUH), (2) first-trimester pregnant patients with vaginal bleeding (VB), and (3) first-trimester asymptomatic pregnant women without hematoma. Methods: Prospective study involving pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Patients with ultrasound findings of asymptomatic hematoma and with VB were paired with asymptomatic pregnant women of same gestational age without hematoma (control group [CG]). Maternal blood HbF% was evaluated by flow cytometry. The groups were compared in terms of circulating fetal hemoglobin and HbF%. Results: Sixty-six patients were selected, 22 with hematoma, 17 with bleeding, and 27 in the CG. Fetal hemoglobin was detected in 15 patients with hematoma (68.2%) and 13 with bleeding (76.5%) and in 20 of the control (74.1%) (p = 0.830). The mean HbF% of each group was 0.054, 0.012, and 0.042 for hematoma, bleeding, and control, respectively, and differences were not significant (p = 0.141). There was a moderate negative correlation between the volume of hematoma and HbF% (rSpearman = −0.527; p = 0.012). Conclusions: The fetal-maternal hemorrhage expressed by Hbf% in first-trimester pregnancies did not seem to differ between patients with and without ultrasound findings of IUH.

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Fetal Erythrocytes in Maternal Circulation After Spontaneous Abortion

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Rh-prophylaxis in early abortion

Rh-prophylaxis in early abortion

Use of Rh Immune Globulin: ASCP Practice Parameter

Fetal-Maternal Hemorrhage in First-Trimester Intrauterine Hematoma

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