Few‐Layered SnS₂ on Few‐Layered Reduced Graphene Oxide as Na‐Ion Battery Anode with Ultralong Cycle Life and Superior Rate Capability

Abstract

Na-ion Batteries have been considered as promising alternatives to Li-ion batteries due to the natural abundance of sodium resources. Searching for highperformance anode materials currently becomes a hot topic and also a great challenge for developing Na-ion batteries. In this work, a novel hybrid anode is synthesized consisting of ultrafi ne, few-layered SnS 2 anchored on few-layered reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by a facile solvothermal route. The SnS 2 /rGO hybrid exhibits a high capacity, ultralong cycle life, and superior rate capability. The hybrid can deliver a high charge capacity of 649 mAh g −1 at 100 mA g −1 . At 800 mA g −1 (1.8 C), it can yield an initial charge capacity of 469 mAh g −1 , which can be maintained at 89% and 61%, respectively, after 400 and 1000 cycles. The hybrid can also sustain a current density up to 12.8 A g −1 (≈28 C) where the charge process can be completed in only 1.3 min while still delivering a charge capacity of 337 mAh g −1 . The fast and stable Na-storage ability of SnS 2 /rGO makes it a promising anode for Na-ion batteries.

SnS2@Graphene nanosheet arrays grown on carbon cloth as freestanding binder-free flexible anodes for advanced sodium batteries

“…For example, Yuan et al [20] observed the capacity fluctuation when the SnS 2 electrode was cycled at 200 mA/g. Zhao et al [13] also reported a more obvious fluctuation occurring at 800 mA/g than at lower specific currents. The actual cause of such capacity fluctuation during cycling is not yet clear, though we deem it may be attributed to possible large structural change of SnS 2 during electrochemical cycling.…”

“…SnS 2 @graphene nanosheet arrays show a discharge capacity of 378 mA h/g after 200 cycles, showing a very low capacity fading rate of 0.208%, much lower than that of SnS 2 nanosheet arrays (0.790%), again demonstrating better cycling stability compared to SnS 2 nanosheet arrays that exhibit rapid capacity decaying. The phenomenon of capacity fluctuation from SnS 2 anode materials in sodium batteries has been widely reported in literature [13,20] and the fluctuation is more distinct when the anode is cycled at a higher specific current. For example, Yuan et al [20] observed the capacity fluctuation when the SnS 2 electrode was cycled at 200 mA/g.…”

“…The product is an integrated electrode [27e30]. The design of the SnS 2 @graphene nanosheet arrays is based on following principles: (1) The large interlayer spacing in the SnS 2 structure not only benefits the intercalation and diffusion of sodium ions but also can effectively buffer the stress which brought about by volume changes during cycling [13,14,31]. (2) Nanosheet-array structure can effectively avoid the agglomeration of powder structures, at the same time facile strain relaxation in the nanosheet arrays allow them to increase in thickness and area without breaking [32e34].…”

In Situ Carbon-Doped Mo(Se0.85S0.15)2Hierarchical Nanotubes as Stable Anodes for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] However, Na + ions have a larger radius than Li + ions, which makes reversible and rapid Na + ion intercalation/extraction and transport in host materials more diffi cult, leading to problems such as large voltage polarization, poor cycling, and rate performance. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Many recent efforts have been devoted to exploring potential anode materials for SIBs, such as P, [ 7 ] Sn, [ 8 ] Sb, [ 9,10 ] SnSb, [ 11 ] SnO 2 , [ 12,13 ] Fe 2 O 3 , [ 14,15 ] CuO, [ 16 ] MoO 3 , [ 17 ] Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 , [ 18,19 ] Sb 2 S 3 , [ 20 ] FeS 2 , [ 21 ] Ni 2 S 3 , [ 22 ] SnS 2 , [23][24][25] WS 2 , [ 26 ] carbon-based materials, [27][28][29] etc. The anode materials with alloying mechanisms (e.g., Sn and Sb) or metal oxides and sulfi des with conversion mechanisms always have high theoretical capacities, but they suffer from poor cycling performance due to their huge volume and Therefore, it is urgent but of great challenge to fi nd new anode materials for SIBs with both long-term cycling stability and high capacity.…”

A review of carbon materials and their composites with alloy metals for sodium ion battery anodes

“…Beside graphene-metal oxide composites, someworth attentions were also given to metal sulfides lately [196][197][198][199]. This is due to the fact that metal sulphides have a large interlayer spacing along the c-axis which can also accommodate the large Na ions [200][201][202].…”