ffect of Extraction Methods on Bioactive Compounds of Plant Origin

Abstract

The use of bioactive compounds has been maintaining its significance from nutritional aspects. Due to the increasing demand for them in potential markets, researchers struggle to create new sources and improve their methods. Plant materials possess plenty and a diverse range of these compounds. However, their availability strongly depends on the extraction techniques in addition to the sampling methods and the applicability of the method to the specific parts of the plant. Thus, it is crucial to develop a common, precise way which will enable to extract all the active components regardless of their origin and their location in the plant material. Besides, the new method ought to have the highest economic value in comparison to the present applications which means that the efficiency of the extraction should be acceptable on industrial scale as well. Even though numerous methods have been improved so far, it seems to be unlikely to achieve a standardized solution with high valorization for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants until now. This review aims to discuss the novel extraction methods in addition to the conventional techniques focusing on the critical parameters such as the cost, time, yield, feasibility and eco-friendliness of the process.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Psidium cattleianum Leaves: Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology

“…Traditionally, the extraction of polyphenols from PC leaves was performed using conventional methods (stirring, pressing, maceration, and hydrodistillation) with or without thermal treatments [ 13 , 14 ]. Different authors used decoction (100 g of dried leaves/600 mL deionized water at 100 °C for 5 min) [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], Soxhlet or heat reflux extraction (2 g of dried leaves/100 mL of hexane at 90 °C for 90 min) [ 18 ], hydro-distillation (for 2 to 5 h in a modified Clevenger apparatus) [ 19 , 20 ], stirring at room temperature (1.2 kg of dried leaves/12 L of 80% methanol for 3 days) [ 21 , 22 ], hand-shaking (20 g of dried leaves/250 mL of 80% ethanol, shaking vigorously 5 times a day for 12 days) [ 23 ], and maceration at room temperature with methanol (1.2 kg of dried leaves/12 L of 80% methanol for 14 days) [ 24 ] or ethanol (0.5 kg of dried leaves/500 mL for 5 days) [ 11 ] to extract bioactive compounds from PC leaves.…”

“…Different authors used decoction (100 g of dried leaves/600 mL deionized water at 100 °C for 5 min) [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], Soxhlet or heat reflux extraction (2 g of dried leaves/100 mL of hexane at 90 °C for 90 min) [ 18 ], hydro-distillation (for 2 to 5 h in a modified Clevenger apparatus) [ 19 , 20 ], stirring at room temperature (1.2 kg of dried leaves/12 L of 80% methanol for 3 days) [ 21 , 22 ], hand-shaking (20 g of dried leaves/250 mL of 80% ethanol, shaking vigorously 5 times a day for 12 days) [ 23 ], and maceration at room temperature with methanol (1.2 kg of dried leaves/12 L of 80% methanol for 14 days) [ 24 ] or ethanol (0.5 kg of dried leaves/500 mL for 5 days) [ 11 ] to extract bioactive compounds from PC leaves. However, these methods required high amounts of solvents and samples, and long extraction times that may affect the stability (oxidation, ionization, and hydrolysis), yield, and bioactivity of these phytochemicals [ 13 , 14 ]. On the other hand, alternative non-conventional extraction techniques such as enzymatic (using a cellulase complex) [ 12 ], liquid-pressurized [ 4 ], supercritical fluid [ 18 ], and ultrasound-assisted extraction [ 12 , 18 ] have been applied to extract bioactive compounds from PC leaves.…”

“…UAE is a simple operation, inexpensive, fast, and efficient alternative to extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials [ 13 ]. The UAE process is based on the use of sound waves beyond human hearing (ultrasound in a range of 20 to 100 kHz) that pass through a liquid medium, producing cavitation (formation and collapse/implosion of bubbles) that significantly enhances the mass transfer rates in the process with high solvent penetration power into cell materials, promoting changes in the plant material by its physical and mechanical effects, facilitating the extraction of bioactive compounds from the plant matrix [ 9 , 14 , 25 ]. In recent years, UAE has been investigated for the extraction of polyphenols from diverse plant leaf materials, including starfruit [ 26 ], muicle [ 27 ], jackfruit [ 28 ], olive [ 29 ], and moringa [ 30 ].…”

Extraction of anthocyanins from grape pomace by using supercritical carbon dioxide

“…SCCO 2 extraction is an eco-friendly, fast, selective, and residue free process (Zhang et al, 2019). It is used for decaffeination and extraction of oils and essential oils from plant materials owing to its nontoxic properties (Koçak & Pazır, 2018). In addition, the extraction can be performed in a shorter time compared with the conventional methods (Zhang et al, 2019).…”

Potencial antioxidante de revestimentos comestíveis incorporados com extratos de resíduos do noni não fermentados e fermentados

“…Neste contexto, várias partes de plantas, frutas e vegetais, sobretudo os resíduos agroindustriais oriundos do processamento destes alimentos vêm se destacando como fontes naturais de compostos bioativos, ricos em polifenóis que apresentam diversas propriedades terapêuticas (Shah et al 2014). Estes compostos comumente são extraídos por processos convencionais (maceração, sohlet e hidrodestilação) utilizando solventes orgânicos os quais, não conseguem extrair completamente todos os compostos polifenólicos presentes na parede celular do material (Koçak;Pazir, 2018). Como alternativa, a fermentação em estado sólido (FES) tem sido empregada como ferramenta para otimizar a extração de compostos bioativos presentes em resíduos agroindustriais.…”