“…Reported positioning accuracy with these passive-alignment schemes is around 0.5-5 µm, which either does not meet the requirements for single-mode fiber transmission or is very expensive [9]. Active-alignment methods include electrothermal actuators [10], laser welding [11], electrostatic actuators [12], [13], piezo-actuators [14], rotational alignment [15], and manual alignment [16]. These methods can either be applied to singlefiber 1-D arrays of fibers only or are tremendously expensive in terms of manpower.…”