Field case study of equine rhinovirus 1 infection: clinical signs and clinicopathology

Klaey, Mariann; Sanchez-Higgins, Maria; Leadon, D. P.; Cullinane, Anne; Straub, R.; Gerber, H

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04499.x

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In Australia, the UK and Ireland, serological evidence suggests that ERAV is most common in 2‐year‐old horses shortly after they enter training yards (Burrows 1968; Powell et al. 1978; Klaey et al. 1998; Black et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that approximately 87% of susceptible horses in the Newmarket area of the UK become infected with ERAV each racing season (Powell et al 1978) and a seroprevalence of 57 and 71% for ERAV and ERBV1, respectively, was recorded among Thoroughbred yearlings in Kentucky (McCollum and Timoney 1992). In Australia, the UK and Ireland, serological evidence suggests that ERAV is most common in 2-year-old horses shortly after they enter training yards (Burrows 1968;Powell et al 1978;Klaey et al 1998;Black et al 2007a). ERV infection has been recorded as subclinical and the cause of mild to severe upper respiratory tract disease similar to the common cold in man (Plummer and Kerry 1962;Hoffer et al 1972Hoffer et al , 1978Holmes et al 1978;Steck et al 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus has been isolated from nasal swabs, blood, faeces and urine (Plummer and Kerry 1962;Hoffer et al 1972;McCollum and Timoney 1992). ERV can also be detected serologically by measurement of a rise in antibody titre in paired sera by serum neutralisation (Burrows 1968;Steck et al 1978) or complement fixation (Burrell et al 1996;Klaey et al 1998). These established techniques are time consuming and laborious and do not facilitate prompt intervention and modification of training regimes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real‐time RT‐PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses

Quinlivan

Maxwell

Lyons

et al. 2010

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real‐time RT‐PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses

Quinlivan

Maxwell

Lyons

et al. 2010

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Prevalence of seropositivity to ERAV is high among mature horses and many young horses seroconvert soon after entry to a training facility . This seroconversion may be due to the high contact rates among horses in facilities similar to the higher incidence of respiratory infection in human infants placed in daycare facilities vs. homecare .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for duration of equine rhinitis A virus respiratory disease

Rossi

Moore

O’Sullivan

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Background Infectious respiratory disease is common in young horses and can impact athletic performance and long‐term health. Significant variation in the duration of clinical disease has been observed, even in the absence of secondary complications. The determination of factors associated with disease chronicity may facilitate clinical decision‐making and the development of improved biosecurity protocols. Objective To investigate contact network characteristics, and demographic variables associated with time to clinical recovery from Equine Rhinitis A virus respiratory disease. Study design Prospective cohort study. Methods Yearling Standardbred racehorses (n = 58) housed in a multi‐barn training facility in Southern Ontario were included. Horses were monitored daily for clinical signs of acute respiratory disease over a 41‐day period in Autumn 2017. Contact patterns between horses, including older racehorses, were determined through use of proximity loggers attached to halters during the initial 7‐day of the study. Associations between duration of disease, demographic factors (birth month, gait, sex and yearling sale), serologic titres and network metrics (degree, betweenness and Eigenvector centrality) were investigated using a Cox proportional hazard model. Results Yearling attack rate for infectious respiratory disease was 87.9% (n = 51). Median time to recovery was 6 days (IQR = 1–32) and 17 horses were censored due to early withdrawal or failure to recover during the study period. In those yearlings born February–May, birth month was significant in the Cox proportional hazard model (Hazard Ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.49–1, P = 0.05). Main limitation Probability of censoring was not independent of outcome which necessitated use of sensitivity analysis. Conclusions These findings suggest late born foals are less likely to recover quickly from infectious respiratory disease.

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“…Furthermore, successful VI frequently requires multiple blind passages and subsequent confirmation by electron microscopy or immunofluorescence testing in the case of non-cytopathic strains. ERAV and ERBV infection can also be detected serologically by demonstration of a four-fold or greater rise in antibody titer between acute and convalescent (paired) sera by virus neutralization [8,16,29] or complement fixation tests [13,30], however, serology might not be helpful in acute outbreak situations due to the time delay of the convalescent result. Furthermore, these traditional serologic techniques, although sensitive and specific, are time consuming and tedious.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of one-step TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription-PCR and conventional reverse transcription-PCR assays for the detection of equine rhinitis A and B viruses

Timoney

White

et al. 2012

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundEquine rhinitis viruses A and B (ERAV and ERBV) are common equine respiratory viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Sero-surveillance studies have shown that these two viral infections are prevalent in many countries. Currently, the diagnosis of ERAV and ERBV infections in horses is mainly based on virus isolation (VI). However, the sensitivity of VI testing varies between laboratories due to inefficient viral growth in cell culture and lack of cytopathic effect. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop molecular diagnostic assays (real-time RT-PCR [rRT-PCR] and conventional RT-PCR [cRT-PCR] assays) to detect and distinguish ERAV from ERBV without the inherent problems traditionally associated with laboratory diagnosis of these infections.ResultsThree rRT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR of ERAV and ERBV were developed. One assay was specific for ERAV, with the two remaining assays specific for ERBV. Additionally, six cRT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR and 3D polymerase regions of ERAV and ERBV were developed. Both rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays were evaluated using RNA extracted from 21 archived tissue culture fluid (TCF) samples previously confirmed to be positive for ERAV (n = 11) or ERBV (n = 10) with mono-specific rabbit antisera. The ERAV rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays could only detect ERAV isolates and not ERBV isolates. Similarly, the ERBV rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays could only detect ERBV isolates and not ERAV isolates. None of the rRT-PCR or cRT-PCR assays cross-reacted with any of the other common equine respiratory viruses. With the exception of one cRT-PCR assay, the detection limit of all of these assays was 1 plaque forming unit per ml (pfu/ml).ConclusionThe newly developed rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays provide improved diagnostic capability for the detection and differentiation of ERAV and ERBV. However, a larger number of clinical specimens will need to be tested before each assay is adequately validated for the detection of ERAV and/or ERBV in suspect cases of either viral infection.

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Field case study of equine rhinovirus 1 infection: clinical signs and clinicopathology

Cited by 17 publications

References 8 publications

Real‐time RT‐PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses

Real‐time RT‐PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses

Risk factors for duration of equine rhinitis A virus respiratory disease

Development of one-step TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription-PCR and conventional reverse transcription-PCR assays for the detection of equine rhinitis A and B viruses

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